📚 시험 단어장 (53개) — 선생님이 선지에 사용하기로 한 SAT 단어. 시험 전 반드시 암기.
나머지 30개(회색)도 교사 안내("SAT words used in upcoming exam questions")에 포함되므로 전부 암기 필수. 시험지에는 본 드릴에 없는 단어도 선지로 나올 수 있음.
01 The History of the Chicken Unit 2 · History (교사용) p.16-17 Sora 완성
In an epic tale starting 10,000 years ago and ending up on dinner tables all over the world, the story of the chicken is as (a) fascinating as it is complicated. The domestic chicken can be traced to at least two wild ancestors, one of which is the red jungle fowl Gallus gallus. This bird, whose position as the primary wild ancestor of the modern-day chicken was recently confirmed by DNA analysis, is still found from India to the Philippines. Once chickens were domesticated, trade and conquest led to them being introduced around the world over several thousand years.
Chickens soon became a (b) sacred animal in many cultures. Eggs adorned Egyptian temples to ensure plentiful river waters, and chickens were seen by Persian Zoroastrianism as a kindly spirit crowing at dawn to declare the universal struggle between darkness and light. Furthermore, they served as fortune-tellers for the Romans, often accompanying armies and having their behavior before battle observed. Over time, the male of the species, or rooster, became identified as a universal symbol of male reproductive power.
Chicken has become the (c) ubiquitous food of our age; its mild taste and adaptability allow it to cross multiple cultural boundaries with ease. In Britain, recent generations believe that chicken tikka masala is the national dish, and a similar thing is happening in China with Kentucky Fried Chicken. When author Jack Canfield was looking for a metaphor for psychological comfort, he didn't call it "Clam Chowder for the Soul," but "Chicken Soup for the Soul."
Although historians have long dismissed its influence on the course of history, we now can see that the chicken has had a (d) short-term impact on culture and cuisine. Chickens are noted for their aggression compared to other bird species. Over the millennia, it has inspired contributions to culture, art, cuisine, science, and religion. The world may be changing at a rapid pace, but chickens continue to hold a special place in the hearts of cultures around the globe.
* fowl: a bird, especially one that can be eaten as food, such as a duck or a chicken
📝 구문 TIP (교사용)
led to는 전치사이므로 뒤에 동명사구가 쓰였다.them은 동명사의 의미상 주어.- 현재분사
crowing이 이끄는 구가a kindly spirit를 수식. often이하는 분사구문. 등위접속사and에 의해accompanying과having이 병렬.allow A to B: A가 B하도록 허락하다.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · Q9는 Vocab 단어장 기반 신설)
▸ Q1 BEST title (글의 제목) MCQ쉬움
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① Why the Chicken was Domesticated
- ② How the Chicken Took Over the World
- ③ Where Chickens Came From
- ④ When Chickens were at their Peak of Power
- ⑤ Chickens and Religious Symbolism
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 출제 의도: BEST title (2025 Sora 빈출)
왜 ②인가: 지문은 10,000년 전 기원 → 세계 확산 → 문화·종교·음식 상징화 → 현대까지의 전 지구적 지배 서사이다. "Took Over the World"가 이 흐름을 포괄.
오답 이유: ①은 "왜 길들여졌나"라는 좁은 질문, ③ "어디서 왔나"는 1문단에만 해당, ④ "권력의 절정기"는 지문에 없음, ⑤ "종교적 상징"은 2문단에만 해당.
▸ Q2 NOT true — 세부정보 불일치 MCQ중
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
- ① Chickens spread globally through trade and war.
- ② Chickens originated in ancient Egypt.
- ③ Chicken has become an international food.
- ④ The chicken has had a widespread cultural influence.
- ⑤ The red jungle fowl is confirmed as a primary wild ancestor by DNA analysis.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 출제 의도: 지문 사실관계 확인 (2025 Q13·Q14 유형)
왜 ②가 틀렸는가: 1문단 "This bird … is still found from India to the Philippines"와 "red jungle fowl Gallus gallus"가 원산지 — 동남아시아다. 이집트는 "Eggs adorned Egyptian temples"(2문단 숭배 사례)로만 등장, 원산지가 아니다.
함정: 2문단의 "Egyptian temples" 언급 때문에 헷갈리기 쉬움. 학생들이 자주 속는 유형.
▸ Q3 무관한 문장 — 글의 통일성 MCQ중
Which sentence is NOT needed in the passage? (4문단의 문장 (1)~(4) 중)
- ① (1)
- ② (2)
- ③ (3)
- ④ (4)
- ⑤ 모두 필요함
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 출제 의도: 글의 통일성 (unity) 판단
왜 ②인가: 4문단의 주제는 "닭이 문화·요리에 장기적 영향을 끼쳤다"이다. (2) "다른 새보다 공격적"은 생물학적 특성일 뿐 문화적 영향 논의와 무관 → 흐름을 깨는 무관 문장.
풀이 팁: "이 문장을 빼도 글이 자연스럽게 연결되는가?"를 확인. (1)→(3)→(4)는 "과소평가되었지만 사실 영향 컸다 → 지금까지 이어진다"로 매끄럽게 연결됨.
▸ Q4 문맥 어휘 오답 — NOT right in context MCQ중
Which word is NOT right in context?
- ① (a) fascinating
- ② (b) sacred
- ③ (c) ubiquitous
- ④ (d) short-term
- ⑤ 모두 맞음
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 출제 의도: 논리적 반대어 식별 (2025 Sora 단골 유형)
왜 ④인가: "Although historians have long dismissed its influence, we now can see that the chicken has had a __ impact" — 양보절 Although는 '과소평가했지만 사실은 강했다'는 반전 구조를 요구한다. 따라서 __는 long-lasting / widespread / far-reaching / lasting이어야 한다. "short-term(단기)"은 정반대 → 오답.
나머지 검증: (a) 10,000년의 흥미로운 이야기 ✓ / (b) 이집트·페르시아·로마에서 신성한 동물 ✓ / (c) 온 세상 요리에 등장 ✓.
▸ Q5 인용 의도 — chicken tikka masala MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why does the writer mention chicken tikka masala in paragraph 3?
- ① to illustrate how chicken has crossed cultural boundaries and become a universal food
- ② to praise the taste and flavor of Britain's most famous chicken dish
- ③ to mock British attempts to claim a foreign dish as their national food
- ④ to explain the historical relationship between Britain and China
- ⑤ to argue that British cuisine has distorted Indian traditions
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ① · 출제 의도: 인용·예시의 수사적 기능 + Vocab "illustrate"
왜 ①인가: 3문단 주제문 "Chicken has become the ubiquitous food of our age; its mild taste and adaptability allow it to cross multiple cultural boundaries." 이 주장을 illustrate(예시로 보여주다)하기 위해 영국의 chicken tikka masala + 중국의 KFC 사례를 든 것.
Vocab 체크: illustrate(20번) = "to show by example". 저자는 "chicken이 문화 경계를 쉽게 넘는다"를 구체 예시로 illustrate한다. mock(25번, 조롱)과 distort(21번, 왜곡)는 지문 어조와 맞지 않음.
오답 이유: ② 맛 평가 아님, ③ 저자는 조롱이 아닌 설명 의도, ④ 영국-중국 관계 무관, ⑤ 왜곡 논점 없음.
▸ Q6 Summary 빈칸 — 요약 어휘 채우기 MCQ중
Fill in the blanks with the correct words (summary).
- ① (A) complicated — (B) world — (C) sacred — (D) cultural boundaries
- ② (A) simple — (B) region — (C) servant — (D) national borders
- ③ (A) fascinating — (B) farm — (C) religious — (D) taste differences
- ④ (A) complicated — (B) country — (C) social — (D) culinary boundaries
- ⑤ (A) dismissed — (B) world — (C) sacred — (D) temple walls
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ①
근거: (A) 지문 1문단 "as fascinating as it is complicated" → complicated. (B) "introduced around the world" → world. (C) 2문단 "a sacred animal in many cultures" → sacred. (D) 3문단 "cross multiple cultural boundaries" → cultural boundaries.
함정: ③은 (A) fascinating이 매력적으로 보이지만, 요약 지문의 뒤에 "and interesting"이 이미 있어서 중복 → complicated가 정답.
▸ Q7 분사구문·구문 분석 — 어법 식별 MCQ상
다음 밑줄 친 부분의 문법 설명 중 INCORRECT한 것은?
- ① (a)
led to는 전치사,them은 동명사being의 의미상 주어이다. - ② (b)
crowing은 현재분사로a kindly spirit를 후치 수식한다. - ③ (c)
accompanying과having은 병렬이 아니라having이accompanying에 종속된 분사구이다. - ④ (d)
allow A to B구문으로,it가 A,to cross가 B에 해당한다. - ⑤ (e)
one of which는two wild ancestors를 선행사로 하는 관계대명사구이다.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 출제 의도: 2025 Q20 계열 — 분사구문 병렬 구조 식별
왜 ③이 틀렸는가: 구문 TIP 3번 "등위접속사 and에 의해 accompanying과 having이 병렬 구조이다." 즉 두 분사가 they(chickens)를 의미상 주어로 공유하는 대등한 분사구문이지, 종속 관계가 아니다.
나머지 확인: ① led to는 동사 아닌 전치사구 취급이 맞고 ✓ / ② 현재분사 후치수식 ✓ / ④ allow A to B ✓ / ⑤ 관계대명사 of which ✓.
▸ Q8 서답형 — 역사가의 견해 반박 요약 서답상
Q: According to the last paragraph, what view of historians does the writer challenge, and how? Answer in one complete English sentence (15~25 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (3~4점 수준)
Although historians have long dismissed the chicken's role in history, the writer argues that it has actually had a profound and long-lasting influence on culture, art, cuisine, science, and religion.
채점 Key:
- ① 역사가의 입장: "dismissed / underestimated / ignored" 표현 포함 (1점)
- ② 반박의 요지: "profound / long-lasting / wide / significant influence" (1점) — Vocab #4
profound권장 - ③ 구체 영역 1개 이상 (culture / art / cuisine / science / religion) (1점)
- ④ 한 문장·문법 정확 (1점)
자주 하는 실수: "chickens are aggressive" 같은 무관 정보를 섞는 것(Q3 무관문장 함정). 문화적 영향에만 집중.
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which of the following BEST describes the writer's overall tone toward the chicken's role in human culture?
※ 선지 5개는 모두 시험 Vocab 단어장에서 출제.
- ① disillusionment — a tone of disappointment with how humans have treated chickens
- ② admiration — a tone of appreciation for the chicken's profound cultural contributions
- ③ mockery — a tone that ridicules historians' past neglect of chicken's importance
- ④ nostalgia — a tone longing for a simpler agricultural past
- ⑤ rebellious skepticism — a tone challenging scientific domestication theories
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② admiration · 출제 의도: Vocab 단어 의미 + 글의 어조 종합 파악
왜 ②인가: 지문 전반의 어조는 "놀라움과 존중". 특히 1문단 "epic tale", 3문단 "cross multiple cultural boundaries", 4문단 "has inspired contributions to culture, art, cuisine, science, and religion" — 저자가 닭의 문화적 공헌을 감탄하며 긍정적으로 서술. admiration(11번)이 정확히 이 태도.
Vocab 점검:
disillusionment(3번) = 환멸 — 저자는 환멸하지 않음 ✗admiration(11번) = 존경·감탄 ✓mock(25번) = 조롱 — 저자는 조롱 어조 없음 ✗nostalgia(31번) = 향수 — 과거 농경사회 그리워하는 글 아님 ✗rebellious(8번) = 반항적 — 과학 이론에 반박 의도 없음 ✗
풀이 팁: 저자가 "과소평가된 대상의 가치를 재조명"하는 구조 → admiration이 자연스러움. 2025 시험에서도 "BEST describes the tone" 유형이 자주 등장(Q12, Q17).
02 The History of Chopsticks Reading Skill 04 · Time Order (교사용) p.94-96 Sora 완성
Well-known in Asia as the eating utensils of choice, chopsticks have a long and fascinating history. It may well have been the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius' dislike for the knife that helped chopsticks to become widely popular in China. In fact, according to the California Academy of Sciences, it was in China that chopsticks were developed around 5,000 years ago.
The first versions of chopsticks were most likely twigs used to pick food out of cooking pots. Around 400 BC, cooks began to cut food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. This made knives less necessary and fit with the non-violent teachings and preferences of Confucius. By 500 AD, chopsticks had spread to other parts of Asia, including Vietnam, Korea, and Japan.
Over time, a number of superstitions grew around the use of chopsticks. During dynastic times in China, silver ones were used because it was thought they would turn black if they touched poisonous food. Although untrue, they can change color when coming into contact with garlic or onions, which may have led to a lot of misunderstanding. In Korea, there's an old belief that the closer to the tip you hold chopsticks, the longer you will stay unmarried.
Using chopsticks also contains many possible dangers for clueless Westerners. There are potentially dozens of ways to offend people from careless chopstick use. These include leaving them standing up in a bowl of rice, as it looks like the incense sticks at a funeral, or allowing drops of soup to drip from them. Once you've mastered the use of chopsticks, however, you may want to use them on a regular basis. Many claim they can improve your memory, which may help you remember how to use your chopsticks appropriately.
📝 구문·어법 포인트
Well-known in Asia as ...— 분사구문 (Being 생략), 주절 주어chopsticks수식.It may well have been ... that helped ...—It ~ that강조 구문 (과거 추측 + 강조).so it would cook more quickly— 목적/결과의 부사절 (so that에서 that 생략).the closer ... the longer ...— the 비교급, the 비교급 구문.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 2025 Sora 패턴 + Vocab 반영)
▸ Q1 BEST title (글의 제목) MCQ쉬움
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① How Confucius Invented Modern Cuisine
- ② The Long Journey of Chopsticks Through Asia
- ③ Why Silver Chopsticks Turn Black
- ④ Table Manners for Visitors in Asia
- ⑤ The Decline of Knives in East Asia
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 출제 의도: BEST title (글의 전개 전체 포괄)
왜 ②인가: 지문은 5,000년 전 중국 기원 → 400 BC 요리 변화 → 500 AD 아시아 확산 → 현대 미신·예절까지 시간 흐름으로 chopsticks의 역사를 다룬다. "Long Journey Through Asia"가 이 흐름을 포괄.
오답 이유: ① Confucius는 대중화 요인 1개일 뿐, ③ silver 미신은 3문단만 해당, ④ 식사예절은 4문단만 해당, ⑤ 지문은 "칼이 덜 필요해졌다"고만 할 뿐 "쇠퇴"라는 강한 표현은 아님.
▸ Q2 글의 전개 방식 (Reading Skill 04 단원 주제) MCQ쉬움
Which technique does the writer primarily use to develop the passage?
- ① comparison and contrast between Asian and Western utensils
- ② chronological (time) order
- ③ problem and solution
- ④ order of importance
- ⑤ spatial order
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 출제 의도: Reading Skill 04 단원 핵심 개념 (Time Order)
근거: 지문은 5,000년 전 (중국 기원) → 400 BC (요리 변화) → 500 AD (아시아 확산) → dynastic times (미신) → Nowadays 의 시간 순서로 구성. 각 문단이 명시적 시대 표지를 쓴다.
핵심: 교재 "Reading Skill 04 | Time Order" 단원 지문이므로 시간 순서 (chronological)가 정답.
▸ Q3 NOT true — 세부정보 불일치 MCQ중
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
- ① Confucius's non-violent teachings contributed to chopsticks' popularity.
- ② The first chopsticks were likely twigs used to pick food from cooking pots.
- ③ Silver chopsticks actually turn black when they touch poisonous food.
- ④ Standing chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice resembles incense at a funeral.
- ⑤ Chopsticks had spread to Vietnam, Korea, and Japan by 500 AD.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 출제 의도: 미신 vs 사실 구분
왜 ③이 틀렸는가: 3문단 "Although untrue, they can change color when coming into contact with garlic or onions" — 독에 반응한다는 건 미신이다. silver chopsticks가 색이 변하는 실제 원인은 마늘·양파의 황 성분이며, 독 때문이 아니다.
함정: "silver ones were used because it was thought they would turn black if they touched poisonous food" — 이건 "~라고 여겨졌다"일 뿐 실제 사실이 아님을 놓치기 쉬움.
▸ Q4 저자가 Confucius를 언급한 이유 (인용 의도) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Why does the writer mention Confucius in paragraph 1 and 2?
- ① to criticize the ancient Chinese philosopher's dietary restrictions
- ② to illustrate how a philosophical preference shaped eating utensil design
- ③ to argue that chopsticks were invented by Confucius himself
- ④ to mock Western dining habits that rely on knives
- ⑤ to emphasize that Confucius dictated the use of silver chopsticks
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · Vocab: illustrate(20), criticize(34), mock(25), dictate(17)
왜 ②인가: 1문단 "Confucius' dislike for the knife ... helped chopsticks to become widely popular" + 2문단 "This made knives less necessary and fit with the non-violent teachings ... of Confucius". 즉 저자는 Confucius의 철학적 선호가 도구 발달에 영향을 주었음을 illustrate(예시로 보여주다)한다.
오답 이유: ① 저자는 Confucius를 비판하지 않음. ③ 발명자라는 주장 없음 ("invented by" 표현 없음). ④ 서양 조롱 어조 없음. ⑤ silver chopsticks는 dynastic times 얘기로 Confucius와 연결 X.
▸ Q5 저자의 silver chopsticks 예시 — 수사적 기능 MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why does the writer mention the "silver chopsticks" example in paragraph 3?
- ① to illustrate a cultural superstition together with its real chemical explanation
- ② to advocate a return to traditional metal utensils
- ③ to criticize Chinese dynastic chemistry as primitive
- ④ to mock ancient Korean beliefs about marriage
- ⑤ to distort historical facts for comedic effect
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ① · Vocab: illustrate, advocate(44), criticize, mock, distort(21)
왜 ①인가: 3문단 구조는 미신 제시("silver ones would turn black if they touched poisonous food") → 과학적 실제("Although untrue, they can change color when coming into contact with garlic or onions") → 오해 발생. 저자는 미신과 실제 둘 다를 보여준다 = illustrate.
오답 이유: 저자는 advocate(옹호)·criticize(비판)·mock(조롱)·distort(왜곡) 어조 없이 객관 서술. Vocab 단어 의미를 정확히 알면 오답 4개를 모두 제거 가능.
▸ Q6 Paragraph Summary — 교재 Step 2 빈칸 MCQ쉬움
Fill in the blanks with the correct words (교재 Step 2).
- ① (A)chopsticks — (B)twigs — (C)cut — (D)Asia — (E)poison — (F)unmarried — (G)careless — (H)enhance
- ② (A)chopsticks — (B)twigs — (C)enhance — (D)Asia — (E)poison — (F)unmarried — (G)careless — (H)cut
- ③ (A)twigs — (B)chopsticks — (C)cut — (D)Asia — (E)poison — (F)unmarried — (G)enhance — (H)careless
- ④ (A)chopsticks — (B)twigs — (C)cut — (D)Asia — (E)unmarried — (F)poison — (G)careless — (H)enhance
- ⑤ (A)chopsticks — (B)twigs — (C)cut — (D)Asia — (E)poison — (F)careless — (G)unmarried — (H)enhance
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ① · 교재 Step 2 정답과 일치
근거: 1문단 "chopsticks were developed" → (A)chopsticks. 2문단 "first versions ... were most likely twigs" → (B)twigs. "cut food into small pieces" → (C)cut. "spread to other parts of Asia" → (D)Asia. 3문단 "poisonous food" → (E)poison. "stay unmarried" → (F)unmarried. 4문단 "careless chopstick use" → (G)careless. "improve(=enhance) your memory" → (H)enhance.
함정: (E)(F) 순서를 바꾼 ④, (G)(F) 순서를 바꾼 ⑤ — 문맥 위치를 놓치면 실수하기 쉬움.
▸ Q7 어법 오류 식별 — 2025 Q20 유형 MCQ상
다음 중 어법상 INCORRECT한 것은?
- ① Well-known in Asia as the eating utensils of choice, chopsticks have a long history.
- ② It was in China that chopsticks were developed around 5,000 years ago.
- ③ The first versions of chopsticks were most likely twigs used to pick food out of cooking pots.
- ④ chopsticks had spread to other parts of Asia, included Vietnam, Korea, and Japan.
- ⑤ the closer to the tip you hold chopsticks, the longer you will stay unmarried.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 출제 의도: 분사·접속사 형태 식별 (2025 Q20 패턴)
왜 ④가 틀렸는가: 원문은 "chopsticks had spread to other parts of Asia, including Vietnam, Korea, and Japan"이다. "~을 포함하여"의 의미는 능동 현재분사 including이어야 하며, included(과거분사, 수동)는 문법 오류.
나머지 확인: ① 분사구문 (Being 생략) ✓ / ② It ~ that 강조구문 ✓ / ③ 과거분사 used가 twigs 후치수식 ✓ / ⑤ the 비교급 ~, the 비교급 ~ ✓.
▸ Q8 서답형 — 칼이 덜 필요해진 이유 서답중상
Q: According to paragraphs 1–2, why did knives become less necessary at the ancient Chinese table? Answer in one complete English sentence (15~25 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (3~4점 수준)
Because cooks began around 400 BC to cut food into small pieces before cooking, diners no longer needed knives at the table, which also fit Confucius's non-violent teachings.
채점 Key:
- ① 요리 변화: "cooks cut food into small pieces" (1점)
- ② 결과: "knives less necessary / no longer needed at the table" (1점)
- ③ 철학적 배경: "Confucius' non-violent teachings / dislike for the knife" (1점)
- ④ 한 문장·문법 정확 (1점)
자주 하는 실수: Confucius가 chopsticks를 발명했다고 쓰는 것 (X). 저자는 "Confucius's dislike for the knife helped chopsticks become popular"라고만 함.
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the writer's overall tone toward chopsticks?
- ① disillusionment with how chopsticks fail modern Westerners
- ② admiration for the long, rich cultural history of chopsticks
- ③ mockery of ancient superstitions
- ④ nostalgia for lost chopstick-making traditions
- ⑤ rebellious criticism of Confucian philosophy
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② admiration · Vocab: 3·11·25·31·8
왜 ②인가: 1문단 "long and fascinating history", 4문단 "Many claim they can improve your memory" — 저자는 chopsticks의 문화사와 실용성을 긍정적으로 서술. admiration(11번)이 이 태도.
Vocab 점검: disillusionment(3, 환멸) ✗ / admiration(11) ✓ / mock(25, 조롱) — 미신을 조롱하지 않고 과학적으로 설명함 ✗ / nostalgia(31, 향수) — 상실 감정 없음 ✗ / rebellious(8, 반항) — Confucius 비판 없음 ✗.
03 Fingerprints Unit 8 · Human Body (교사용) p.61 Sora 완성
In use for over 100 years as a means of identifying an individual, fingerprints are the tiny ridges, spirals, and patterns on the tip of each finger. Forming from pressure on a baby's tiny, developing fingers in its mother's womb, they are totally unique. With billions of people on Earth and no two sets identical, human fingerprints display the kind of randomness which computers cannot come close to.
Even DNA, the genetic material in our cells, can't match the uniqueness of fingerprints. Identical twins can have the same DNA, but they can't have the same fingerprints because these amazing parts of the body are both genetically and environmentally influenced. These influences are incredibly random, such as the unborn baby's position in the womb. These random factors even determine how each ridge on the print will form.
Fingerprints also have practical benefits. All those grooves and loops evolved to help heighten our sense of touch, as well as to make it easier to grip things. A smooth set of fingers would be much less useful as a tool.
These incredible little patterns on our fingertips have even acted as a reliable form of identification in the modern world. Regardless of a person's age or of any cuts or damage to his or her finger, the print remains the same. Biometrics, a science that employs people's physical characteristics to identify them, uses fingerprinting in providing safe security systems. After all, it's fairly easy to get a fake ID card or find out a person's security password, but it's just about impossible to fake a physical trait as unique as a fingerprint.
📝 구문·어법 포인트 (교재 구문 TIP)
Forming from pressure ... in its mother's womb— 분사구문, 주절 주어they(fingerprints) 수식.With billions of people on Earth and no two sets identical— with + 명사 + 형용사 (부대상황).A as well as B— "B뿐만 아니라 A도" (to help 부정사구가 목적).Biometrics, a science that employs ... them— 동격.in -ing= "~하는 데에".as unique as a fingerprint— 앞의a physical trait를 수식하는 형용사구 (원급 비교).
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 교재 5문항 + 추가 4문항)
▸ Q1 글의 주제 (main idea) — 교재 1번 MCQ쉬움
What is the passage mainly about?
- ① Fingerprints are the original way to identify people.
- ② Fingerprints are determined by environmental factors.
- ③ Fingerprints are the most practical form of identification.
- ④ Fingerprints are an extraordinarily unique physical feature.
- ⑤ Fingerprints improve our sense of touch.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 교재 1번 정답과 일치
왜 ④인가: 지문 전체의 중심 서술은 "fingerprints are totally unique" (1문단), "can't match the uniqueness of fingerprints" (2문단), "as unique as a fingerprint" (4문단) — "uniqueness"가 반복되며 글 전체를 관통. ④가 전체 주제를 정확히 담음.
오답 이유: ① "original way" — 지문은 "100년 이상" 사용이라 했지 최초는 아님. ② 환경만이 아니라 "both genetically and environmentally" — 부분 정보. ③ "most practical"이라는 최상급 표현 없음. ⑤ 3문단 일부 내용일 뿐.
▸ Q2 저자의 강조 방식 — 교재 2번 MCQ중
How does the writer emphasize the uniqueness of fingerprints?
- ① by providing statistics
- ② by listing a number of historical cases
- ③ by comparing it with that of DNA
- ④ by quoting the words of a biologist
- ⑤ by describing forensic investigations
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 2번 정답과 일치
왜 ③인가: 2문단 첫 문장 "Even DNA, the genetic material in our cells, can't match the uniqueness of fingerprints" — "Even DNA조차"라는 최상급 비교로 지문성을 강조. 이후 "Identical twins can have the same DNA, but they can't have the same fingerprints"로 반박 불가능한 DNA 대비 논증.
오답 이유: ① "billions of people"는 수치라기보다 표현, 통계 제시 아님. ②·④·⑤ 지문에 사례·인용 없음.
▸ Q3 서답형 — 쌍둥이가 지문이 다른 이유 (교재 3번) 서답중
How come identical twins have different fingerprints? Complete the sentence.
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안
It's because fingerprints are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors — such as the unborn baby's random position in the womb — so even twins with identical DNA develop unique prints.
채점 Key:
- ① genetically AND environmentally 두 요인 모두 언급 (2점)
- ② 구체 예시 (womb position / pressure in womb) (1점)
- ③ "unique / different" 결론 (1점)
자주 하는 실수: "because DNA is different" — 오답. 일란성 쌍둥이는 DNA가 동일하다 (지문: "Identical twins can have the same DNA"). 환경 요인이 핵심.
▸ Q4 지시 대상이 다른 것 — 대명사·지시어 MCQ중
Which of the following underlined words refers to something different from the others?
- ① they (= fingerprints)
- ② these amazing parts (= fingerprints)
- ③ those grooves and loops (= fingerprint patterns)
- ④ them (= people being identified)
- ⑤ the print (= fingerprint)
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 출제 의도: 대명사 지시 대상 식별
왜 ④가 다른가: ①·②·③·⑤는 모두 fingerprints 자체 또는 그 구성 요소(grooves, loops, the print)를 가리킨다. ④의 them만은 바로 앞 "people's physical characteristics"의 people(사람들)을 가리킴 → 유일하게 "지문"이 아닌 "사람"을 지시.
근거: "Biometrics, a science that employs people's physical characteristics to identify them" = "사람들의 신체적 특징을 이용해 그 사람들을 식별하는 학문". 문맥상 them = people.
풀이 팁: 대명사·지시어 문제는 각 선지의 바로 앞 문맥을 확인. 지문 속 "fingerprints"에 연결되는지 아닌지만 판별하면 답이 하나로 수렴.
▸ Q5 NOT true — 교재 5번 MCQ쉬움
What is NOT true about fingerprints according to the passage?
- ① They are formed before babies are born.
- ② They get smoother throughout one's life.
- ③ They help in gripping objects and improving sense of touch.
- ④ They are used as one form of identification in biometrics.
- ⑤ Identical twins do not share the same fingerprints.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 교재 5번 정답과 일치
왜 ②가 틀렸는가: 4문단 "Regardless of a person's age or of any cuts or damage to his or her finger, the print remains the same" — 지문은 평생 변하지 않는다고 명시. "smoother(매끄러워진다)"는 정반대.
나머지 확인: ① "Forming from pressure ... in its mother's womb" = 태어나기 전 형성 ✓ / ③ 3문단 "grip things + heighten our sense of touch" ✓ / ④ 4문단 Biometrics 언급 ✓ / ⑤ 2문단 쌍둥이도 지문은 다름 ✓.
▸ Q6 BEST title (신규) — 전체 주제 포괄 MCQ쉬움
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① How Biometrics Changed Modern Security
- ② The Biology of Identical Twins
- ③ Fingerprints: The Most Unique Human Feature
- ④ Random Factors in Fetal Development
- ⑤ Why Fake IDs Are Easy to Make
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③
왜 ③인가: 지문 핵심 주장 "fingerprints are totally unique" + "DNA can't match the uniqueness" + "as unique as a fingerprint". 전체 글은 지문의 고유성을 중심 주제로 함.
오답: ① Biometrics는 4문단 일부, ② 쌍둥이는 고유성 예시일 뿐, ④ 무작위성은 원인 설명 부분, ⑤ 위조 ID는 4문단 끝 대비 표현.
▸ Q7 저자의 Biometrics 언급 이유 (인용 의도) MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why does the writer mention Biometrics in the final paragraph?
- ① to criticize the use of fake IDs in modern society
- ② to advocate the replacement of all passwords with fingerprints
- ③ to illustrate a real-world application that exploits fingerprints' uniqueness
- ④ to distort the history of modern security systems
- ⑤ to provide a counterargument against DNA-based identification
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: illustrate(20), criticize(34), advocate(44), distort(21), counterargument(12)
왜 ③인가: 4문단 "Biometrics, a science that employs people's physical characteristics to identify them, uses fingerprinting in providing safe security systems." 이는 앞서 주장한 "지문의 고유성"이 실제로 활용되는 응용 사례를 illustrate한다.
오답: criticize·advocate·distort는 저자의 객관 어조와 불일치. counterargument(반박)는 DNA와 대립이 아니라 DNA조차 따라올 수 없다는 보강.
▸ Q8 어법 오류 식별 — 2025 Q20 유형 MCQ상
다음 중 어법상 INCORRECT한 것은?
- ① Forming from pressure on a baby's tiny, developing fingers in its mother's womb, they are totally unique.
- ② With billions of people on Earth and no two sets identical, human fingerprints display randomness.
- ③ All those grooves and loops evolved to help heighten our sense of touch, as well to make it easier to grip things.
- ④ Biometrics, a science that employs people's physical characteristics to identify them, uses fingerprinting in providing safe security systems.
- ⑤ It's just about impossible to fake a physical trait as unique as a fingerprint.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 출제 의도: A as well as B 구문 오류 식별
왜 ③이 틀렸는가: 원문은 "as well as to make"이다. A as well as B(B뿐만 아니라 A도)는 고정 숙어로 as가 필수. "as well to make"는 as가 빠진 비문.
나머지 확인: ① 분사구문(주어 they 수식) ✓ / ② with + N + 형용사 부대상황 ✓ / ④ 동격 관계대명사 that ✓ / ⑤ as 형용사 as 원급 비교 ✓.
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the writer's overall tone toward fingerprints?
- ① disillusionment — disappointment that fingerprints can be faked
- ② awe — wonder at the profound uniqueness of fingerprints
- ③ mockery — ridicule of DNA testing's limits
- ④ nostalgia — longing for pre-biometric identification
- ⑤ rebellious skepticism toward scientific identification
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② awe · Vocab: 3·7·25·31·8
왜 ②인가: 저자는 "totally unique", "amazing parts of the body", "incredible little patterns", "just about impossible to fake" 등의 표현으로 지문의 경이로움을 반복 강조. awe(7번, 경외감)가 정확한 감정.
Vocab 점검: awe(7) = "a feeling of respect mixed with wonder" — "amazing"·"incredible" 같은 수식어와 가장 잘 어울림. admiration(11, 존경)도 근접하지만 "지문은 불가사의할 정도로 독특함"이라는 경이로움 쪽이 더 정확해 awe를 선택.
04 Spoonerisms Reading Skill 02 · Definition & Examples (교사용) p.51-52 Sora 완성
Have you ever felt that your brain was going at a faster rate than your lips and tongue could keep up with? When this happens, a funny thing known as a "Spoonerism" often follows. This is when you accidentally exchange consonants, vowels or sounds in groups of words or phrases. The word "Spoonerism" comes from the name of the first person who became famous for such slips of the tongue: Reverend William Archibald Spooner of New College in Oxford, England.
Spooner was well known for constantly confusing the sounds at the beginning of words in a phrase. Furthermore, this was especially funny when the new words he formed made a strange kind of sense. As these Spoonerisms are often amusing, people sometimes use them on purpose as a play on words.
Some of the following examples of Spoonerisms, credited to Reverend Spooner himself, will make things clearer. "The Lord is a shoving leopard," or as it should read, "The Lord is a loving shepherd." "A blushing crow," or perhaps, "a crushing blow," makes more sense. How useful would "a well-boiled icicle" be to you? Probably not as much as "a well-oiled bicycle" would be. Other famous examples supposedly said by Spooner, although we can't be sure, include "Is the bean dizzy?" (Is the Dean busy?); "Someone is occupewing my pie. Please sew me to another sheet." (Someone is occupying my pew. Please show me to another seat.)
Nowadays, the word "Spoonerism" is used when referring to any verbal mistake when the sounds of words are mixed up. It no longer requires a letter-for-letter mix-up, and it doesn't only have to be the sounds at the beginning of the words being spoken. Any amusing slip of the tongue is likely to be called a Spoonerism.
📝 구문·어법 포인트
a funny thing known as a "Spoonerism"— 과거분사known이thing을 후치 수식.Some of the following examples of Spoonerisms, credited to Reverend Spooner himself— 과거분사credited가examples를 수식하는 삽입구.As these Spoonerisms are often amusing— As는 "~이기 때문에" (이유).It no longer requires .../it doesn't only have to be ...— 부정 구문 병렬.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · Definition & Examples 단원 대응)
▸ Q1 BEST title — 글 전체 포괄 MCQ쉬움
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① Oxford's Most Famous Professor
- ② Spoonerisms: Definition, Origin, and Modern Use
- ③ How to Avoid Slips of the Tongue
- ④ The Grammar Rules Behind Sound Exchange
- ⑤ Why English Is Hard to Pronounce
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 출제 의도: BEST title (Reading Skill 02 단원은 Definition & Examples)
왜 ②인가: 1문단 = 정의(definition) + 유래(origin — Spooner 목사), 2문단 = 특징, 3문단 = 예시(examples), 4문단 = 현대 용법. 네 요소를 모두 포괄하는 것은 ②.
오답 이유: ① Spooner 한 사람에만 초점, ③ "avoid" 방지 내용 없음, ④ 문법 규칙 설명 아님, ⑤ 영어 발음 일반론 아님.
▸ Q2 Spoonerism의 유래 — 이름의 기원 MCQ쉬움
The term "Spoonerism" originally comes from:
- ① a 20th-century linguistic theory about speech errors
- ② a children's poem written at Oxford University
- ③ the name of Reverend William Archibald Spooner, who became famous for such slips of the tongue
- ④ the word "spoon," referring to how sounds "stir" together
- ⑤ a comedy sketch first aired on BBC radio
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③
근거: 1문단 마지막 문장 "The word 'Spoonerism' comes from the name of the first person who became famous for such slips of the tongue: Reverend William Archibald Spooner of New College in Oxford, England."
▸ Q3 Spoonerism이 특히 재미있어지는 조건 (infer) MCQ중
According to paragraph 2, when are Spoonerisms especially funny?
- ① when the speaker is a famous professor
- ② when the new mixed-up words still make a strange kind of sense
- ③ when the listener doesn't notice the mistake
- ④ when the swapped sounds are all vowels
- ⑤ when they occur during a formal religious service
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: 2문단 "this was especially funny when the new words he formed made a strange kind of sense" — 바뀐 표현이 말이 되는 것 같으면서도 원래와 다른 엉뚱한 의미를 가질 때가 특히 우스움.
예시 연결: "shoving leopard" (밀치는 표범) vs 원래 "loving shepherd" (사랑하는 목자) — 양쪽 모두 의미가 통하지만 완전히 다른 그림을 만듦.
▸ Q4 NOT true — 현대 Spoonerism의 정의 MCQ중
Which of the following is NOT true about the modern meaning of "Spoonerism"?
- ① It refers to any verbal mistake when sounds are mixed up.
- ② It no longer requires a letter-for-letter mix-up.
- ③ It doesn't have to involve only the beginning sounds of words.
- ④ It applies only when the speaker is British.
- ⑤ Any amusing slip of the tongue can be called a Spoonerism.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④
왜 ④가 틀렸는가: 4문단은 "any verbal mistake", "any amusing slip of the tongue is likely to be called a Spoonerism"이라고 명시. 화자의 국적 제한은 전혀 없음. ①·②·③·⑤는 모두 본문에 명시됨.
▸ Q5 원문-Spoonerism 짝짓기 (예시 해독) MCQ중
Which pairing of Spoonerism → intended meaning is INCORRECT?
- ① "shoving leopard" → "loving shepherd"
- ② "blushing crow" → "crushing blow"
- ③ "well-boiled icicle" → "well-oiled bicycle"
- ④ "Is the bean dizzy?" → "Is the bee noisy?"
- ⑤ "sew me to another sheet" → "show me to another seat"
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④
왜 ④가 틀렸는가: 3문단 원문 "'Is the bean dizzy?' (Is the Dean busy?)" — 의도된 원문은 "Is the Dean busy?"(학장이 바쁜가?)이지 "bee noisy"가 아님. bean ↔ Dean, dizzy ↔ busy의 자음 교환이 Spoonerism 규칙에 맞음.
▸ Q6 Paragraph Summary — 교재 Step 2 빈칸 MCQ쉬움
Fill in the blanks with the correct words (교재 Step 2).
- ① (A)brain — (B)exchange — (C)famous — (D)shoving — (E)mix-up — (F)beginning
- ② (A)brain — (B)shoving — (C)famous — (D)exchange — (E)mix-up — (F)beginning
- ③ (A)exchange — (B)brain — (C)famous — (D)shoving — (E)mix-up — (F)beginning
- ④ (A)brain — (B)exchange — (C)famous — (D)shoving — (E)beginning — (F)mix-up
- ⑤ (A)brain — (B)exchange — (C)shoving — (D)famous — (E)mix-up — (F)beginning
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ① · 교재 Step 2 정답과 일치
근거: 1문단 "brain was going at a faster rate than your lips and tongue" → (A)brain. "accidentally exchange consonants, vowels or sounds" → (B)exchange. 2문단 "Spooner was well known" → (C)famous. 3문단 "shoving leopard" → (D)shoving. 4문단 "any verbal mistake when the sounds of words are mixed up" → (E)mix-up. "sounds at the beginning of words" → (F)beginning.
▸ Q7 저자의 예시 제공 — 수사적 기능 MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why does the writer list multiple examples in paragraph 3?
- ① to mock Reverend Spooner's poor speech
- ② to criticize Oxford's teaching standards
- ③ to illustrate the definition with concrete examples (Reading Skill: Definition & Examples)
- ④ to distort historical records of speech errors
- ⑤ to suggest a counterargument against Spooner's fame
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: mock(25), criticize(34), illustrate(20), distort(21), counterargument(12)
왜 ③인가: Reading Skill 02 단원은 Definition & Examples. 지문은 "Some of the following examples ... will make things clearer"로 명시적으로 예시 제공 목적을 밝힘. 즉 정의를 예시로 설명(illustrate)하기 위함.
오답: 저자는 Spooner를 조롱(mock)·비판(criticize)하지 않음. distort(왜곡)·counterargument(반박)는 어조 불일치.
▸ Q8 서답형 — Spoonerism이 웃긴 이유 서답중상
Q: According to paragraph 2, what makes Spoonerisms especially amusing, and how does example in paragraph 3 (e.g., "shoving leopard" vs. "loving shepherd") support this? Answer in one complete English sentence (20~30 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (3~4점 수준)
Spoonerisms are especially funny when the accidentally swapped words still make a strange kind of sense, as in "shoving leopard," which forms a vivid but absurd image compared with the intended "loving shepherd."
채점 Key:
- ① "make a strange kind of sense / still form meaningful but wrong phrases" (1점)
- ② 구체 예시 인용 (shoving leopard / loving shepherd 등) (1점)
- ③ 원래 뜻 vs 교환된 뜻 대비 언급 (1점)
- ④ 한 문장·문법 정확 (1점)
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the writer's overall tone toward Spoonerisms?
- ① disillusionment — disappointment with modern speech habits
- ② admiration — reverence for Reverend Spooner's religious work
- ③ light-hearted, illustrative curiosity — presenting a funny phenomenon with examples
- ④ mockery — ridicule of people who make verbal mistakes
- ⑤ rebellious challenge to traditional linguistics
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: 3·11·20·25·8
왜 ③인가: 저자는 "a funny thing", "especially funny", "amusing", "play on words" 등 가볍고 유쾌한 어휘를 반복 사용하며, 3문단에서 예시를 나열해 설명하는 illustrative(예시 중심) 방식을 취한다. 조롱·비판이 아닌 관찰적·설명적 어조.
오답: ① disillusionment(환멸) ✗ / ② admiration(존경) — Spooner를 존경하지는 않음 ✗ / ④ mock(조롱) — 재미있다고 하지 조롱하지 않음 ✗ / ⑤ rebellious(반항) ✗.
05 The Sistine Chapel Ceiling Unit 10 · Art (교사용) p.77 · 2025 Q13·Q14 출제 Sora 완성
Millions of people visit Vatican City every year to see the stunning Sistine Chapel. The chapel is most famous for its ceiling, which is covered in huge paintings — or frescoes — showing nine stories from the Bible. Together, these paintings form one of the world's greatest artworks.
What was surprising at the time of its creation was that this masterpiece was created by an artist who was better known for his sculptures: Michelangelo. In fact, when Pope Julius II first asked him to paint the ceiling, Michelangelo refused, preferring to stick to his sculptures. However, pressure from the Pope eventually persuaded Michelangelo to accept the commission, and so he began to work on his first great painting in 1508.
The project was long and difficult, lasting more than four years. Michelangelo had no experience in creating frescoes, so he had to learn as he went along. Working inside the chapel also posed problems. At 68 feet above the ground, the ceiling was so high that special scaffolding was needed. As if this wasn't problematic enough, the ceiling was moldy, which made regular plaster crumble. To address this issue, Michelangelo's assistant invented a new kind of plaster that stayed dry.
Overcoming all these obstacles, Michelangelo worked almost completely alone to complete the painting. His attention to the fine details of the work was so great that his eyesight deteriorated, and his body became twisted and deformed due to his constant leaning on top of the scaffolding. In silence, he worked alone, often covered in paint that dripped down on him from the ceiling.
📝 구문·어법 포인트 (교재 구문 TIP)
which is its ceiling을 수식하는 계속적 용법의 관계대명사 절.What was surprising ... was that ~— 관계대명사 what이 이끄는 명사절이 주어 ("~한 점이 ~이다").as if this wasn't problematic enough— "마치 이것만으로는 충분히 문제가 안 된다는 듯이" (양보·추가적 어려움).to F부정사의 부사적 용법 (목적) =To address this issue.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 교재 5 + 2025 Q13·Q14 + 신규 2 · 최우선 빈출 지문)
▸ Q1 BEST title — 교재 1번 MCQ쉬움
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① Michelangelo and the Loneliness of Genius
- ② What Michelangelo's Works Are Revealing Today
- ③ The Sistine Chapel: A Must-See Place in Europe
- ④ The Sistine Chapel Ceiling: Michelangelo's First Great Painting
- ⑤ The Evolution of Fresco Painting in Renaissance Italy
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 교재 1번 정답과 일치
왜 ④인가: 지문은 "천장화 작품 + Michelangelo가 처음으로 그린 대작"이라는 두 축을 중심. 2문단 "he began to work on his first great painting in 1508"가 핵심 단서. ④가 지문 범위(작품 + 화가 + '처음')를 정확히 포괄.
오답: ① Michelangelo 개인사에 치우침, ② 현대적 해석 아님, ③ 여행 가이드 톤, ⑤ 다른 프레스코와의 비교 없음.
▸ Q2 서답형 — 천장화가 보여주는 것 (교재 2번) 서답쉬움
Q: What does the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel show? Complete the sentence.
💡 모범 답안 보기
모범 답안 (2점)
It shows nine stories from the Bible, painted as huge frescoes covering the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
채점 Key: "nine stories from the Bible" (1점) + "frescoes / huge paintings" (1점).
근거: 1문단 "huge paintings — or frescoes — showing nine stories from the Bible".
▸ Q3 Michelangelo의 태도 변화 (A)→(B) — 교재 3번 MCQ중
From the passage, you can infer that Michelangelo's attitude toward the project moved from (A) _______ to (B) _______.
- ① (A) serious — (B) flexible
- ② (A) friendly — (B) arrogant
- ③ (A) reluctant — (B) enthusiastic
- ④ (A) responsible — (B) indifferent
- ⑤ (A) curious — (B) fearful
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 3번 정답과 일치
근거 (A) reluctant: 2문단 "Michelangelo refused, preferring to stick to his sculptures" — 처음에는 거부 = 꺼림(reluctant).
근거 (B) enthusiastic: 4문단 "His attention to the fine details ... was so great that his eyesight deteriorated, and his body became twisted" — 자신을 망가뜨릴 정도로 몰두 = 열정적(enthusiastic). "Overcoming all these obstacles, Michelangelo worked almost completely alone"이 결정적 증거.
▸ Q4 NOT 변한 것 — 교재 4번 MCQ중
Which of the following did NOT change after Michelangelo finished painting the Sistine Chapel?
- ① his eyesight
- ② his social skills
- ③ his body shape
- ④ his artistic fame
- ⑤ his painting experience
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 교재 4번 정답과 일치
왜 ②인가: 지문에 사회성(social skills) 관련 서술 없음. 오히려 "In silence, he worked alone"이라 사회성은 언급되지 않음.
나머지 확인: ① "eyesight deteriorated" ✓ / ③ "body became twisted and deformed" ✓ / ④ 처음에는 조각가로만 유명 → 이후 화가 명성 추가 ✓ / ⑤ "no experience in creating frescoes" → 학습·경험 생김 ✓.
▸ Q5 지문 내 사실 — 교재 5번 MCQ중
What is true about the painting of the Sistine Chapel?
- ① It took more than four years for Michelangelo to accept the project.
- ② Michelangelo didn't have any practice making frescoes before.
- ③ Working conditions inside the Sistine Chapel couldn't have been better.
- ④ Michelangelo couldn't have finished the project without the help of other painters.
- ⑤ Pope Julius II personally painted some of the panels alongside Michelangelo.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 교재 5번 정답과 일치
근거: 3문단 "Michelangelo had no experience in creating frescoes, so he had to learn as he went along."
오답: ① 4년은 제작 기간이지 수락까지의 시간 아님. ③ "couldn't have been better" = 최고로 좋았다는 뜻이지만 실제로 높이·곰팡이 등 나빴음. ④ "worked almost completely alone". ⑤ 교황이 그림을 그렸다는 서술 없음.
▸ Q6 Michelangelo 참여가 의외였던 이유 — 2025 Q13 실제 출제 MCQ쉬움 🔥 2025 기출
Why was Michelangelo's involvement in the Sistine Chapel ceiling project unexpected at the time?
- ① He was initially trained as a poet, not an artist.
- ② He had spent most of his career outside Europe.
- ③ He had openly criticized the Vatican's use of art.
- ④ He had never accepted papal commissions before.
- ⑤ His reputation was mainly built on his accomplishments in sculpture.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ⑤ · 2025 Q13 실제 정답 · 배점 3점
근거: 2문단 "this masterpiece was created by an artist who was better known for his sculptures: Michelangelo." 조각가로 유명했는데 회화 대작을 그린 것이 의외.
오답 이유: ①②③④는 지문에 일체 서술 없음. 지문은 Michelangelo의 정체성을 "조각가(sculptor)"로 명확히 제시.
▸ Q7 작업 중 물리적 난관 — 2025 Q14 실제 출제 MCQ중 🔥 2025 기출
What specific physical challenge did Michelangelo face during the painting process?
- ① Frequent interruptions from tourists
- ② Fragile scaffolding leading to recurring injuries
- ③ Mismatched paints that failed to stick to plaster
- ④ Poor ventilation and the decaying ceiling materials
- ⑤ Obstruction from assistants untrained in fresco work
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 2025 Q14 실제 정답 · 배점 3점
근거: 3문단 "the ceiling was moldy, which made regular plaster crumble. To address this issue, Michelangelo's assistant invented a new kind of plaster that stayed dry." 곰팡이로 인해 천장 재료가 부식되어 회반죽이 부서짐 = "decaying ceiling materials".
오답: ① 관광객 언급 없음, ② 부상 구체 서술 없음, ③ 페인트 문제 아님(회반죽 문제), ⑤ 조수는 오히려 새 회반죽 발명으로 도움.
▸ Q8 어법 — What 명사절 / as if 구문 MCQ상
다음 중 어법상 INCORRECT한 것은?
- ① The chapel is most famous for its ceiling, which is covered in huge paintings.
- ② What was surprising at the time of its creation was that this masterpiece was created by Michelangelo.
- ③ The project was long and difficult, lasting more than four years.
- ④ As if this wasn't problematic enough problematic, the ceiling was moldy.
- ⑤ His attention to the fine details was so great that his eyesight deteriorated.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 출제 의도: enough 위치 식별
왜 ④가 틀렸는가: 원문은 "As if this wasn't problematic enough"이다. enough는 형용사를 수식할 때 뒤에 와야 함 (enough는 형용사 뒤, 명사 앞). "enough problematic"은 순서 오류.
나머지 확인: ① 계속적 용법 which ✓ / ② what 명사절 주어 ✓ / ③ 분사구문 lasting ✓ / ⑤ so ~ that 구문 ✓.
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the writer's tone toward Michelangelo's achievement?
- ① mockery of Michelangelo's initial refusal
- ② awe and admiration for the artist's profound dedication
- ③ disillusionment with the Catholic Church's demands
- ④ nostalgia for Renaissance painting techniques
- ⑤ rebellious questioning of Michelangelo's reputation
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · Vocab: mock(25), awe(7), admiration(11), profound(4), disillusionment(3), nostalgia(31), rebellious(8)
왜 ②인가: 저자는 "stunning Sistine Chapel", "one of the world's greatest artworks", "masterpiece", "Overcoming all these obstacles" 등 최상급 수식어로 일관되게 경외·찬탄. Michelangelo가 시력·체형을 희생하며 작업한 것을 profound dedication(깊은 헌신)으로 강조.
오답: 저자는 Michelangelo의 거부(refusal)를 설명하되 조롱(mock)하지 않음. 교회·나이·반항은 모두 지문 어조와 무관.
06 Hamlet and The Lion King READING 01 · Comparison (교사용) Sora 완성
The modern entertainment landscape may have lost touch with the more classical influences of its ancestors, but in 1994 Walt Disney released a timeless epic in The Lion King. This classic animation is a children's story featuring the age-old themes of responsibility and revenge. These themes are among the oldest in writing, with similarities to William Shakespeare and his classic play Hamlet.
The Lion King shadows the storyline of Hamlet so closely that, by the plot alone, one can see that the young lion Simba is a direct representation of Prince Hamlet. Understanding the actions of Simba can be made easier by examining the acts of Hamlet, particularly with respect to why the two delay avenging their fathers' deaths. Both young princes run from the responsibility of doing what they know must be done, adding a haunting effect to the two works that can still be felt by audiences hundreds of years after such themes were first used.
(A) _______, the characters of the two fathers, Hamlet the elder and Mufasa, portray a striking similarity. Each deceased king appears to his son in the form of a ghost, revealing the truth, but in an unclear manner that leaves much up to interpretation. Moreover, the villains in both Hamlet and The Lion King, Claudius and Scar respectively, show a striking resemblance, especially in their actions. They casually drive their respective countries into war while they glow in the glory of their newfound power.
Even among secondary characters in the two stories, similarities abound. Comic relief is provided by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in Hamlet, while Timon and Pumbaa lighten the mood in The Lion King. Furthermore, both pairs of characters perform the crucial task of reminding the main characters of their responsibilities to their dead fathers. These links among both main and secondary characters demonstrate that although modern entertainment may seem to be new, probing deeper into its themes and storylines can reveal (B) _______ with some of the greatest works in literary history.
📝 구문·어법 포인트 (교재 구문 TIP)
so ... that ~— "매우 ~해서 ~하다" (so closely that, so great that).- 동명사구 주어 → 동사 can be made: "Examining the acts of Hamlet can make understanding the actions of Simba easier"로 환언 가능.
doing what they know must be done— the responsibility를 수식하는 동명사구.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 교재 5 + 신규 4)
▸ Q1 글의 주제 (main idea) — 교재 1번 MCQ쉬움
What is the main idea of the passage?
- ① Shakespeare designed storylines that would last for centuries.
- ② Common aspects exist between classical and modern works.
- ③ Walt Disney was a fan of Shakespeare's writing.
- ④ Secondary characters reveal the truth behind storylines.
- ⑤ Modern audiences prefer animation over classical drama.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 교재 1번 정답과 일치
근거: 지문 전반이 Hamlet(고전)과 The Lion King(현대)의 공통점(similarities, resemblance, links)을 나열. 마지막 문장 "probing deeper into its themes and storylines can reveal connections with some of the greatest works in literary history"가 주제문.
오답: ① Shakespeare의 의도 서술 없음, ③ Disney 개인사 없음, ④ 부차 역할일 뿐 주제 아님, ⑤ 관객 선호 비교 없음.
▸ Q2 빈칸 (A) — 교재 2번 MCQ중
What is the best expression for blank (A)?
- ① In contrast
- ② Otherwise
- ③ Likewise
- ④ However
- ⑤ Nevertheless
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 2번 정답과 일치
왜 ③인가: 앞 문단은 주인공(Simba ↔ Hamlet)의 유사성. (A) 뒤는 아버지(Mufasa ↔ Hamlet the elder)의 유사성. 앞뒤 모두 "유사성"이 계속되므로 연결어는 Likewise(마찬가지로) = 추가·병렬.
오답: In contrast·However·Nevertheless·Otherwise는 모두 대조·반전 연결어로 유사성을 나열하는 문맥에 맞지 않음.
▸ Q3 빈칸 (B) — 교재 3번 MCQ중
What is the best word for blank (B)?
- ① gaps
- ② mixtures
- ③ connections
- ④ flexibility
- ⑤ contradictions
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 3번 정답과 일치
왜 ③인가: 마지막 문단 주장: 현대 엔터테인먼트가 깊이 파고들면 문학사 대작과의 연결고리를 드러낸다. "links among both main and secondary characters"가 단서. connections(연결)가 최적.
오답: gaps(격차)·contradictions(모순) = 반대 의미, mixtures(혼합) = 어색, flexibility(유연성) = 문맥 벗어남.
▸ Q4 전개 방식 — 교재 4번 MCQ쉬움
In the passage, the writer shows details by using:
- ① order of importance
- ② time order
- ③ comparison
- ④ contrast
- ⑤ cause and effect
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 4번 정답과 일치
근거: 지문은 Hamlet ↔ Lion King의 공통점(similarities, striking resemblance, links)을 주인공 → 아버지 → 악역 → 부차 인물 순으로 나열. 이는 comparison(유사점 비교)의 전형.
함정 ④ contrast: contrast(대조)는 차이점 강조를 의미. 이 지문은 차이점이 아닌 닮은 점을 나열하므로 ④ 아님.
▸ Q5 NOT true — 교재 5번 MCQ중
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
- ① The Lion King contains Shakespearean themes.
- ② Hamlet and Simba struggle with the burden of responsibility.
- ③ The villains of both stories are characterized by their weakness.
- ④ Secondary characters play an important part in both stories.
- ⑤ Mufasa and Hamlet the elder both appear as ghosts.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 5번 정답과 일치
왜 ③이 틀렸는가: 3문단 "villains ... show a striking resemblance, especially in their actions. They casually drive their respective countries into war while they glow in the glory of their newfound power" — 악역은 나약한 게 아니라 권력에 도취해 전쟁을 일으키는 강압적 인물.
나머지 확인: ① 1문단 "similarities to William Shakespeare" ✓ / ② 2문단 "run from the responsibility" ✓ / ④ 4문단 "perform the crucial task" ✓ / ⑤ 3문단 "appears to his son in the form of a ghost" ✓.
▸ Q6 BEST title (신규) MCQ쉬움
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① Disney's Animation Techniques Explained
- ② Old Themes in New Packages: Hamlet Lives in The Lion King
- ③ Shakespeare: The Father of All Modern Stories
- ④ Why Young Princes Delay Action in Literature
- ⑤ A Guide to Recognizing Ghosts in Fiction
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
왜 ②인가: 지문 핵심은 고전(Hamlet)의 주제가 현대(Lion King)에도 살아있다는 것. "Old Themes in New Packages"가 이 구조를 포괄.
오답: ① Disney 기법은 주제 아님, ③ 과장(all modern stories), ④·⑤ 세부 요소일 뿐.
▸ Q7 저자가 부차 인물을 언급한 이유 (인용 의도) MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why does the writer mention Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Timon, and Pumbaa in the last paragraph?
- ① to mock the comic-relief tradition in Western theater
- ② to advocate a return to classical Shakespearean casts
- ③ to illustrate that even secondary characters follow the same pattern — reinforcing the comparison
- ④ to criticize Disney's reliance on comic sidekicks
- ⑤ to present a counterargument against the main similarity claim
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: mock(25), advocate(44), illustrate(20), criticize(34), counterargument(12)
왜 ③인가: 4문단 "Even among secondary characters ..., similarities abound" → 저자는 주인공·아버지·악역에 이어 부차 인물까지 유사성이 이어짐을 예시로 illustrate한다. 이는 주장(comparison)을 강화.
오답: mock/criticize는 조롱·비판 어조로 지문과 불일치. advocate는 없음. counterargument(반박)가 아니라 보강.
▸ Q8 서답형 — Simba와 Hamlet의 공통점 서답중상
Q: According to paragraph 2, what is the key shared psychological trait between Simba and Hamlet? Answer in one complete English sentence (15~25 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (3~4점)
Both young princes delay avenging their fathers' deaths and run from the responsibility of doing what they know must be done, creating a haunting effect on audiences.
채점 Key:
- ① "delay avenging" / "delay revenge" 언급 (1점)
- ② "run from responsibility" / 회피 표현 (1점)
- ③ "haunting effect" 또는 청중·관객에 미치는 영향 (1점, 선택)
- ④ 한 문장·문법 정확 (1점)
자주 하는 실수: 단순히 "둘 다 아버지를 잃었다"만 쓰는 것 — 부족. 핵심은 의무 회피(delay)라는 심리.
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the writer's overall tone?
- ① nostalgia — longing for old Shakespearean drama
- ② admiration for the timeless, shared themes across eras
- ③ disillusionment with modern Disney animation
- ④ mockery of audiences who don't see the link
- ⑤ rebellious dismissal of Shakespeare's influence
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · Vocab: 31·11·3·25·8
왜 ②인가: 저자는 "timeless epic", "classic", "greatest works" 등 긍정적 수식어로 두 작품을 존중. "haunting effect that can still be felt by audiences hundreds of years after" — 지속적 영향을 찬탄. admiration(11)이 일관된 어조.
오답: nostalgia(향수)는 과거를 그리워하는 감정으로 지문 어조와 다름. 현대 작품도 같이 존중. disillusionment·mock·rebellious 모두 부정 어조 ✗.
07 Philosophy in Movies Summary · Hamlet·Lion King과 함께 교재 수록 Sora 완성
In an age when commercial interests provide the driving force behind movies, it's hard to find films that contain a deep meaning. Nevertheless, there are still movies with a worthwhile message. The following three movies are good choices for viewers in search of action, an interesting story, and a vehicle to reflect on philosophical issues.
The Matrix trilogy examines the question of what is real and what is illusion. In the year 2200, in a world dominated by machines, the story's main character, Neo, attempts to defend against those who want to dominate humankind. The Matrix raises many questions that date back to ancient Eastern philosophies. To achieve true wisdom, a person has to overcome genetics, environment, and individual characteristics. Like the great philosophers of the past, Neo is the one who can guide people to freedom.
In the movie Avatar, a symbolism well known to Eastern philosophies can be witnessed. The concept of a separate soul and body is evident in the main character, Jake Sully, transferring his consciousness to another body. According to some Eastern philosophies, the consciousness comes into a physical body to achieve certain goals. In Avatar, the consciousness can collect the combined lessons learned by different bodies, thereby becoming better with each new life.
The Truman Show raises the questions of whether God is like a director of a show and your friends and family are just scripted actors. The main character, Truman, has always lived inside a TV show seen by millions of viewers, but he is the only person who doesn't know that. All of his daily situations are manipulated to entertain the audience, but Truman thinks he's living an ordinary life. Human life is also scripted by genetics, environment and psychological influences. When Truman escapes the filming set to the real world, it represents freedom from these influences.
These movies can help viewers to (A) _______. Ancient philosophies assert that illusion can be overcome by wisdom, which leads to ultimate freedom and happiness.
📝 구문·어법 포인트 (교재 구문 TIP)
when이 이끄는 관계부사절이an age를 수식.it은 가주어,to find는 진주어.learned by different bodies— 과거분사구가the combined lessons를 수식.thereby becoming ...는 결과의 분사구문.help + 목적어 + (to) 부정사— "~가 ~하도록 돕다". 간접의문문에서what은 "~하는 것"(관계대명사)과 의문사 둘 다 가능.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 교재 5 + 신규 4)
▸ Q1 글의 주제 — 교재 1번 MCQ쉬움
What is the passage mainly about?
- ① deep ideas found in entertaining films
- ② what most popular movies have in common
- ③ the right way to interpret philosophical movies
- ④ how ordinary life is shown in various movies
- ⑤ why Hollywood ignores ancient Eastern philosophy
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ① · 교재 1번 정답과 일치
근거: 1문단 "there are still movies with a worthwhile message" + "a vehicle to reflect on philosophical issues". 이어 Matrix/Avatar/Truman Show를 재미와 철학적 메시지를 동시에 가진 사례로 제시. ①이 전체 주제.
오답: ②는 "공통점" 강조 아님(각 영화의 다른 철학 다룸), ③ 해석 방법론 아님, ④ ordinary life가 주제 아님, ⑤ 반대 의도.
▸ Q2 어휘 의미 "raise" — 교재 2번 MCQ중
Which is closest in meaning to raise in paragraph 2 ("The Matrix raises many questions")?
- ① I'll raise you the same amount you raised me.
- ② She raised the sail as the yacht departed.
- ③ He did not raise the controversial subject again.
- ④ They raised funds to save the monument.
- ⑤ The farmer raises cattle on the hillside.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 2번 정답과 일치
왜 ③인가: 본문 "raises many questions" = "질문을 제기하다·던지다". ③ "raise the controversial subject" = "논쟁적 주제를 꺼내다·제기하다"로 의미 일치.
오답: ① 판돈 올리다(포커), ② 돛을 올리다(물리적으로 올리다), ④ 자금을 모으다(모금), ⑤ 가축을 기르다 — 모두 다른 의미.
▸ Q3 사용되지 않은 전개 기법 — 교재 3번 MCQ중
Which technique is NOT used by the writer to develop the topic?
- ① bringing up the topic by mentioning the current state of cinema
- ② showing how moviemakers try to answer ancient questions about reality
- ③ explaining in detail how consciousness transports between bodies
- ④ using three movies as examples to make you reflect on philosophical issues
- ⑤ citing Eastern philosophical traditions to frame each example
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 3번 정답과 일치
왜 ③인가: 지문은 Avatar에서 "consciousness comes into a physical body"라는 개념만 언급하고 "어떻게 이동하는지"의 메커니즘은 설명하지 않는다. ③은 사용되지 않은 기법.
나머지 확인: ① 1문단 "commercial interests provide the driving force" ✓ / ② Matrix 문단 ✓ / ④ 3편 예시 ✓ / ⑤ Matrix/Avatar 모두 Eastern philosophy 인용 ✓.
▸ Q4 빈칸 (A) — 교재 4번 MCQ중상
What is the best expression for blank (A)?
- ① select the appropriate movie for their personality
- ② improve the current reputation of the movie industry
- ③ see what lies beneath the surface of human existence
- ④ experience another person's life without facing risk
- ⑤ predict future trends in philosophical cinema
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 4번 정답과 일치
왜 ③인가: (A) 뒤 "Ancient philosophies assert that illusion can be overcome by wisdom, which leads to ultimate freedom and happiness." — 철학·영화의 공통 메시지는 표면 아래 본질 파악. ③ "see what lies beneath the surface of human existence"가 정확.
오답: ①②④⑤는 표면적·개인적 차원으로 "철학적 성찰"이라는 지문 주제와 벗어남.
▸ Q5 지문 내 사실 (true) — 교재 5번 MCQ중
Which of the following is true according to the passage?
- ① Movies no longer contain a philosophical message.
- ② In The Matrix, Neo plays an ancient Eastern philosopher.
- ③ In Avatar, the hero moves his consciousness between bodies.
- ④ In The Truman Show, the main character scripts his own life.
- ⑤ Ancient philosophies deny that freedom is achievable.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 5번 정답과 일치
근거: 3문단 "Jake Sully, transferring his consciousness to another body" ✓.
오답: ① 1문단 "there are still movies with a worthwhile message" = 여전히 있다(반대). ② Neo는 현대 영웅이지 고대 철학자 아님. ④ Truman의 일상은 조작됨(manipulated), 스스로 쓰지 않음. ⑤ 반대 (ancient philosophies assert illusion can be overcome → freedom).
▸ Q6 BEST title (신규) MCQ쉬움
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① The History of Eastern Philosophy in Hollywood
- ② Philosophical Depth Behind Three Modern Films
- ③ How to Escape Reality Through Cinema
- ④ The Decline of Meaningful Movies
- ⑤ Neo, Jake, and Truman: Action Heroes of Our Time
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
왜 ②인가: 지문은 "상업영화 시대에도 철학적 깊이가 있는 영화가 있다"는 주장을 Matrix + Avatar + Truman Show로 예시함. ②가 정확히 이 구조.
오답: ① Eastern philosophy는 도구일 뿐 주제 아님, ③ 현실 도피 아닌 성찰, ④ 하락 아닌 여전한 존재 강조, ⑤ 영웅 중심 아님.
▸ Q7 세 영화 선정 이유 (수사적 기능) MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why does the writer select three specific movies (Matrix, Avatar, Truman Show)?
- ① to criticize Hollywood's lack of originality
- ② to advocate remaking classical Eastern philosophical texts as films
- ③ to illustrate that popular films can still carry philosophical depth — using concrete examples
- ④ to distort the viewer's perception of reality and illusion
- ⑤ to present a counterargument against Eastern philosophical traditions
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: criticize(34), advocate(44), illustrate(20), distort(21), counterargument(12)
왜 ③인가: 1문단 "The following three movies are good choices for viewers in search of ... a vehicle to reflect on philosophical issues" — 예고된 예시 제시. 지문의 주장("상업 영화에도 깊이 있는 것이 있다")을 세 편의 구체 영화로 illustrate한다.
오답: criticize(비판)·distort(왜곡)은 어조와 불일치. advocate(옹호)는 remake 주장 아님. counterargument(반박) = 지문은 오히려 Eastern philosophy와 조화를 보여줌.
▸ Q8 서답형 — Truman Show의 상징 해석 서답상
Q: According to paragraph 4, what does Truman's escape symbolize in relation to human life? Answer in one complete English sentence (20~30 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (3~4점)
Truman's escape from the filming set to the real world symbolizes freedom from the genetic, environmental, and psychological influences that script ordinary human life.
채점 Key:
- ① "escape / freedom" 언급 (1점)
- ② "genetic, environmental, psychological influences" 중 2개 이상 (2점)
- ③ 인간 삶 전반으로 확장 (1점)
- ④ 한 문장·문법 정확 (1점)
자주 하는 실수: 영화 줄거리만 요약 — 상징 해석 누락. "represents freedom from these influences"가 핵심.
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the writer's overall tone?
- ① disillusionment with modern commercial cinema
- ② admiration mixed with engagement — recognizing depth in popular films
- ③ mockery of filmmakers who attempt philosophy
- ④ nostalgia for pre-Hollywood art cinema
- ⑤ rebellious rejection of Eastern philosophy's influence
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · Vocab: 3·11·5·25·31·8
왜 ②인가: 1문단은 "상업 영화의 현실"을 인정하며 시작하지만 "Nevertheless, there are still movies with a worthwhile message"로 전환 — 저자는 이 영화들을 진지하게 참여하며(engagement, 5번) 존중하며(admiration, 11번) 소개.
오답: disillusionment(환멸)는 앞에 인정했지만 결론은 긍정. mock/rebellious/nostalgia는 어조와 불일치.
08 Science and English Idioms Unit 5 · Science (교사용) p.38-39 Sora 완성
The English language is littered with well-meaning phrases and idioms from science and nature, but many of them are misrepresentations of what they're trying to express. Some of these expressions sound ① unbelievable, even to the untrained ear: "Well, I'll be a monkey's uncle" originates from sarcastic disbelief over Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, while "mad as a hatter" refers to someone exhibiting behavior similar to 18th- and 19th-century hat makers, who often experienced dementia due to their exposure to mercury.
Other such expressions are simply scientifically wrong. "A watched pot never boils" is a common idiom informing someone who is waiting for something to happen that being ② patient and checking on it continuously will prevent that thing from occurring. Obviously, if you wait for long enough observing a pot on a stove over sufficiently high heat, its contents will eventually boil.
Some phrases, however, have less ③ apparent scientific inaccuracies. Consider the commonly used phrase "once in a blue moon," which refers to an extremely rare event. A blue moon refers to the second full moon in a single month of the solar-based calendar. The problem with the expression is that blue moons are not that unusual. They occur every few years at least, and can even occur within months of each other when the lunar cycle puts a full moon at the beginning of any month except February.
And how about the expression often used when political scandals are reported: "The fish rots from the head down," meaning that a corrupt system is due to its leaders' actions. Any person with a ④ decent knowledge of fish will tell you that when a fish rots, its organs are the first things to go bad. You can tell by the smell, or tell for sure by cutting the fish open and seeing the liquefied internal organs pouring out. The reality is that (A) _______ when it comes to idioms in the English language.
📝 구문·어법 포인트 (교재 구문 TIP)
- 현재분사 수식:
exhibiting이someone을 후치 수식. - 이중 분사구문:
informing의 목적어someone ... to happen,that ... occurring은 목적어절. - 과거분사구 삽입:
often used ... reported가the expression을 수식,meaning이 뒤따름.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 교재 5 + 신규 4)
▸ Q1 글의 주제 (main idea) — 교재 1번 MCQ쉬움
What is the main idea of the passage?
- ① Science is more important than poetry when using English.
- ② English idioms have no basis in science and logic.
- ③ English expressions usually have more than one meaning.
- ④ Phrases and idioms are not always scientifically accurate.
- ⑤ All common idioms should be replaced with scientific terms.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 교재 1번 정답과 일치
근거: 1문단 "many of them are misrepresentations of what they're trying to express". 이후 문단마다 과학적 부정확성이 있는 관용구 사례 제시. ④가 주제를 정확히 요약.
오답: ① 시·산문 비교 없음, ② 과장(no basis)이 아니라 "not always accurate", ③ 다의성 주제 아님, ⑤ 대체 주장 없음.
▸ Q2 글의 목적 — 교재 2번 MCQ쉬움
What is the purpose of the passage?
- ① to explain why English is an illogical language
- ② to encourage students to learn new expressions
- ③ to describe how nature inspires English phrases
- ④ to outline the unscientific nature of English idioms
- ⑤ to prove that scientific language is superior to figurative language
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 교재 2번 정답과 일치
왜 ④인가: 지문은 관용구 여러 개를 과학적으로 부정확한 예시로 짚음. 저자의 목적은 영어 관용구의 비과학적 성격을 개괄(outline)하는 것.
오답: ① "illogical language"는 과장, ② 학습 독려가 아님, ③ 자연의 영향 설명이 아니라 부정확성 지적, ⑤ 과학적 언어 우월성 주장 없음.
▸ Q3 도입 방식 — 교재 3번 MCQ중
How does the writer introduce the topic?
- ① by providing examples of implausible expressions
- ② by explaining the difference between science and nature
- ③ by showing how to construct an English idiom
- ④ by describing how science has been factually incorrect
- ⑤ by comparing English idioms with non-English idioms
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ① · 교재 3번 정답과 일치
근거: 1문단은 "well-meaning phrases ... misrepresentations"로 논지를 선언한 뒤 곧바로 "monkey's uncle", "mad as a hatter" 두 예시를 제시 — 믿기 어려운(implausible) 표현의 예를 들어 도입.
오답: ②③④⑤는 모두 지문에 없는 전개 방식.
▸ Q4 문맥 어휘 오답 (NOT right in context) — 교재 4번 MCQ중상
Which underlined word is NOT right in context?
- ① (①) unbelievable
- ② (②) patient
- ③ (③) apparent
- ④ (④) decent
- ⑤ 모두 문맥상 적절함
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 교재 4번 정답과 일치
왜 ②가 틀렸는가: 2문단 전체 문맥 — "A watched pot never boils" 관용구는 "지켜보면 물이 안 끓는다"는 뜻으로, 인내하는(patient) 게 아니라 조바심 내며 반복 확인(impatient / observing continuously)하는 행동을 뜻함. "patient"는 정반대. 적절한 단어는 impatient.
나머지 검증: ① "믿기 힘든" = 맥락 적합 ✓ / ③ "덜 드러난(덜 명백한)" 부정확성 = 미묘한 오류 → 적절 ✓ / ④ "웬만한 지식만 있어도" = 적절 ✓.
▸ Q5 빈칸 (A) — 교재 5번 MCQ중상
What is the best expression for blank (A)?
- ① a picture always tells the truth
- ② explanations are not always simple
- ③ science often takes a back seat to imagery
- ④ logic is the most important aspect
- ⑤ older idioms are more accurate than new ones
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 5번 정답과 일치
왜 ③인가: 지문 전체 논지는 "영어 관용구가 과학적으로 부정확해도 이미지·느낌으로 통용된다". 빈칸 뒤 "when it comes to idioms in the English language" — 관용구 세계에서 과학은 뒷전(back seat), 이미지가 우선이라는 결론.
함정: ④ "logic is the most important"은 저자가 반박하는 상식으로 정반대. ②는 너무 평범한 진술로 결론의 날카로움을 살리지 못함.
▸ Q6 BEST title (신규) MCQ쉬움
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① The Hidden Wisdom of English Idioms
- ② When Idioms Get the Science Wrong
- ③ Idioms Every English Student Must Memorize
- ④ How Darwin Influenced English Vocabulary
- ⑤ The Moon, the Pot, and the Fish: A Poet's Guide
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
왜 ②인가: 지문의 핵심 = "관용구가 과학적으로 틀린 경우를 사례로 보여주기". ②가 주제를 정확히 요약.
오답: ① "지혜" 칭찬이 아니라 부정확성 지적, ③ 암기 지침 아님, ④ Darwin은 단일 예시, ⑤ 낭만적 톤 아님.
▸ Q7 "Blue moon" 예시 기능 — 인용 의도 MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why does the writer include the "once in a blue moon" example in paragraph 3?
- ① to advocate the abandonment of all astronomical idioms
- ② to mock people who don't know the lunar cycle
- ③ to illustrate a subtler, less apparent scientific inaccuracy
- ④ to distort the standard definition of a blue moon
- ⑤ to present a counterargument against calendar reform
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: advocate(44), mock(25), illustrate(20), distort(21), counterargument(12)
왜 ③인가: 3문단 첫 문장 "Some phrases, however, have less apparent scientific inaccuracies" — 저자는 "덜 분명한 부정확성"이라는 범주를 새로 도입하고, blue moon을 그 예시로 illustrate한다. 2문단("simply scientifically wrong")과 대비되는 더 미묘한 사례.
오답: advocate·mock·distort·counterargument — 모두 어조 불일치. 저자는 조롱·왜곡이 아닌 정확한 과학적 사실 제시.
▸ Q8 서답형 — "The fish rots from the head down" 의 과학적 오류 서답중상
Q: According to the last paragraph, what is the scientific inaccuracy in the idiom "The fish rots from the head down"? Answer in one complete English sentence (15~25 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (3점)
In reality, when a fish rots, its internal organs are the first parts to go bad — not the head — so the idiom is scientifically inaccurate.
채점 Key:
- ① "organs / internal organs first" 언급 (2점)
- ② 관용구가 말하는 "head down"과 대비 (1점)
- ③ 한 문장·문법 정확 (1점)
근거: "when a fish rots, its organs are the first things to go bad".
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the writer's tone toward English idioms?
- ① pure admiration for idioms' poetic beauty
- ② deep disillusionment with the English language
- ③ amused, illustrative skepticism — pointing out inaccuracies without harsh criticizement
- ④ mockery of native English speakers
- ⑤ rebellious call to abolish all figurative language
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: 11·3·20·34·25·8
왜 ③인가: 저자는 관용구를 조롱하지 않고 "well-meaning phrases", "sound unbelievable", "Obviously, if you wait ... its contents will eventually boil" 같은 표현으로 가벼운 회의·유머·예시 중심. 결론 "science often takes a back seat to imagery"는 관용구를 폐기하자는 주장이 아닌 현상 관찰.
오답: ① 순수 찬탄(admiration)은 아님(부정확성 지적), ② 환멸(disillusionment)은 너무 강함, ④ mock(조롱)은 부정 어조로 어조 불일치, ⑤ 반항적 폐지 주장 없음.
09 The Sunk Cost Bias Unit 9 · Psychology (교사용) p.69 · 2025 Q11 출제 · 2026 최우선 Sora 완성
Imagine you bought a ticket for a soccer match, but on the night of the game you're feeling tired, it's raining hard, and the match is going to be shown live on television. You begin to regret buying the ticket and would rather stay at home and watch the game in comfort. ( ① ) You are facing a sunk cost, or a cost that is irrecoverable.
With sunk costs, you won't get that investment back regardless of future results. It's like the language course you paid for that you never completed. The money you spent is already gone, and you'd be better off doing something else that will bring you enjoyment. Throw the ticket in the trash, relax, and watch the game on television. ( ② ) There's a psychological obstacle to simply discarding a ticket you spent money on. If this is true for a soccer game, think about how strong the effect is when you're thinking about abandoning a relationship that you've invested time in but just isn't working anymore.
Now you're facing the sunk cost bias, or what's commonly referred to as, "throwing good money after bad." But this isn't only about money; anything that involves an investment of time or effort is subject to this thinking trap. The solution is to not lose sight of your underlying goal. ( ③ ) In the example of the soccer match, the objective is to enjoy yourself while watching the game. The best way to achieve this goal is to stay in the comfort of your home now that it's raining and you feel tired. The whole point is to enjoy watching the match, so do that and forget about the ticket.
Examples of sunk costs are everywhere, from keeping things you no longer need in your house to overeating just because you ordered too much food. Don't become attached to the means instead of the ends. ( ④ ) Your aim should be to stop (A) _______.
📝 구문·어법 포인트 (교재 구문 TIP)
- 접촉절:
(which/that) you paid for와that you never completed둘 다the language course를 수식. - 간접의문문:
how strong the effect is— 주어·동사 정순 (평서문 어순). instead ofA (means) B (ends) — "A 대신 B에" / "A가 아닌 B에" 선택을 강조.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 교재 5 + 2025 Q11 + 신규 3 · 최우선 출제 예상)
▸ Q1 빈칸 (A) — 교재 1번 MCQ중상
What is the best expression for blank (A)?
- ① wasting time and effort on unexpected plans and keep your original goal
- ② clinging to past decisions and make the most of your life right now
- ③ prioritizing high-income plans over less expensive ones and finalize your budget
- ④ making impulsive decisions to satisfy your selfish feelings and be responsible with your money
- ⑤ comparing your choices to those of your neighbors and adjust your spending
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 교재 1번 정답과 일치
근거: 지문 결론 "Don't become attached to the means instead of the ends" + "The whole point is to enjoy watching the match, so do that and forget about the ticket." — 지나간 결정(past decisions)에 집착(cling)하지 말고 현재의 효용(make the most of life now)에 집중. ②가 주제를 정확히 요약.
오답: ① "keep original goal"은 방향 자체가 반대(이미 의미 없는 계획에 매달리는 결과), ③·④·⑤는 각각 다른 편향(지위재·충동구매·비교)이지 sunk cost 본질 아님.
▸ Q2 문장 삽입 위치 — 교재 2번 MCQ중
Where would the following sentence best fit in the passage?
- ① ( ① )
- ② ( ② )
- ③ ( ③ )
- ④ ( ④ )
- ⑤ 어디에도 적합하지 않음
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 교재 2번 정답과 일치
근거: ② 바로 앞 "Throw the ticket in the trash, relax, and watch the game on television." (말로는 쉬운 조언). ② 바로 뒤 "There's a psychological obstacle to simply discarding a ticket you spent money on." — "말은 쉽지만 실제로는 어렵다"는 문장이 두 흐름을 연결하는 전환 역할을 한다.
오답: ①은 sunk cost 정의 전이라 어색, ③은 해결책 설명 중간이라 어색, ④는 결론 직전이라 어색.
▸ Q3 NOT true — 교재 3번 MCQ중
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
- ① You can't recover the investment put into sunk costs.
- ② There's a mental block to abandoning sunk costs.
- ③ You need to focus on your initial aim when facing sunk costs.
- ④ The way to overcome this bias is to recall your sunk costs.
- ⑤ The sunk cost bias applies to investments of time and effort, not just money.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 교재 3번 정답과 일치
왜 ④가 틀렸는가: 지문은 "forget about the ticket"이라 했다. 과거 비용을 되새기는 것(recall)은 오히려 편향을 강화 — 정반대 처방. 올바른 처방은 underlying goal에 집중.
나머지 확인: ① "irrecoverable" ✓ / ② "psychological obstacle" ✓ / ③ "not lose sight of your underlying goal" ✓ / ⑤ "anything that involves an investment of time or effort" ✓.
▸ Q4 관계 포기 예시의 기능 — 교재 4번 MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why does the writer mention "abandoning a relationship" in paragraph 2?
- ① to argue that people don't know when they are facing a sunk cost
- ② to show that sunk costs can occur in a variety of different situations
- ③ to note that sunk costs can relate to different lengths of time
- ④ to illustrate how strong an effect sunk costs can have
- ⑤ to advocate ending dysfunctional relationships
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 교재 4번 정답 · Vocab: illustrate(20), advocate(44)
왜 ④인가: 2문단 "If this is true for a soccer game, think about how strong the effect is when you're thinking about abandoning a relationship..." — 축구 티켓보다 훨씬 큰 감정적 투자가 있는 관계를 제시해 sunk cost의 강도를 강조. 구체 예시로 illustrate한 것.
오답: ② "various situations"는 너무 일반적(저자는 강도 강조), ③ 시간 길이는 논지 아님, ⑤ 관계 종료 권유 목적 아님.
▸ Q5 Sunk Cost Bias 사례 식별 — 교재 5번 MCQ중상
Which of the following people shows the symptom of the sunk cost bias?
- ① Mary: I was more disappointed when I came second than when I finished third.
- ② Jack: I think this coin has landed heads-up nine times in a row; therefore, it will probably land tails-up next time it is tossed.
- ③ Nick: I ordered too much food, but I ate it anyway thinking about all the money I'd spent on it.
- ④ Susan: I make sure my kids have the same gadgets as my neighbors' children.
- ⑤ Tim: I never buy anything on sale because I assume the price will drop further.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 5번 정답과 일치
왜 ③인가: Nick은 이미 쓴 돈(sunk cost)을 의식해 필요 이상 음식을 다 먹는다 — 지문의 "overeating just because you ordered too much food" 예시와 정확히 일치.
다른 편향: ① 박탈감 비교(counterfactual), ② 도박사의 오류(gambler's fallacy), ④ 타인 비교(keeping up with Joneses), ⑤ 앵커링/저축 편향. 이들은 각기 다른 심리 편향.
▸ Q6 저자의 암묵적 전제 — 2025 Q11 실제 출제 MCQ상 🔥 2025 기출
Which BEST captures the author's implicit assumption about decision-making in the face of sunk costs?
- ① Past investments should be honored to maintain psychological consistency.
- ② Rational choices depend on aligning current actions with past investments.
- ③ Emotional discomfort is often a reliable indicator of the correct decision.
- ④ Abandoning commitments implies irresponsibility and short-sightedness.
- ⑤ Future utility should override emotional attachments to past decisions.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ⑤ · 2025 Q11 실제 정답 · 배점 3점
근거: 지문 전체 주장 = "과거에 쓴 돈은 잊고 현재·미래의 효용에 집중하라." "do that and forget about the ticket" — 미래 효용이 과거 감정적 애착을 이겨야 한다는 전제.
오답 ①②: 지문과 정반대 (저자는 과거 고수를 비판). ③ "감정적 불편이 올바른 결정의 지표"는 지문이 오히려 반박. ④ 의무 포기 = 무책임이라는 관점도 저자 입장과 반대.
▸ Q7 BEST title (신규) MCQ쉬움
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① How to Save Money at Sporting Events
- ② Letting Go: Escaping the Sunk Cost Trap
- ③ Why We Should Honor Our Past Commitments
- ④ The Psychology of Buying Tickets
- ⑤ A Guide to Ending Bad Relationships
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
왜 ②인가: 지문 핵심 = sunk cost 편향의 정의 + 원인 + 탈출법. "Letting Go"가 이 주제를 포괄.
오답: ① 돈 절약 팁 아님, ③ 지문 반대 주장, ④ 티켓은 도입 예시, ⑤ 관계는 강도 예시일 뿐.
▸ Q8 서답형 — sunk cost bias 극복 방법 서답중상
Q: According to paragraph 3, what is the solution to the sunk cost bias? Answer in one complete English sentence (15~25 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (3점)
The solution is to not lose sight of your underlying goal — the real objective, such as enjoying the match — rather than clinging to the money already spent.
채점 Key:
- ① "underlying goal / real objective / ends (not means)" 언급 (2점)
- ② 과거 비용을 무시하라는 함의 (1점)
- ③ 한 문장·문법 정확 (1점)
근거: "The solution is to not lose sight of your underlying goal" + "Don't become attached to the means instead of the ends".
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the writer's tone?
- ① disillusionment with human rationality
- ② practical advocate — urging readers to focus on future engagement and profound self-awareness
- ③ mockery of people who keep unused tickets
- ④ nostalgia for past financial decisions
- ⑤ rebellious rejection of all commitments
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · Vocab: 3·44·5·4·25·31·8
왜 ②인가: 저자는 독자에게 "Throw the ticket in the trash", "do that and forget about the ticket", "Your aim should be to stop ..." 등 실천 지침을 제시 = advocate(44, 옹호·주장). 목표는 현재·미래 효용에의 engagement(5, 참여)와 깊은(profound, 4) 자기 인식.
오답: disillusionment는 지문 어조보다 부정적, mock/nostalgia/rebellious는 어조 불일치.
10 The Relativity Trap Unit 9 · Psychology (교사용) p.67 · 2025 Q15·Q16 출제 · 2026 최우선 Sora 완성
In our daily lives, we make sense of the multitude of choices we face by using comparisons. This practice may have become second nature to us, but judging things in this manner can lead us into a trap. That is, we start to think irrationally and end up making bad decisions.
Consider the following situation. You have two things to buy today: a pen and a new suit. You find a nice pen in a department store for $21, but realize you have seen the exact same pen for only $1 on closeout 15 minutes away. What do you do? ( ① ) Now on to your second task: You see a good suit for $500, but before buying it another customer informs you that the same suit is available for $480 at a store 15 minutes away. Do you make the 15-minute journey to buy the cheaper suit? ( ② )
In a recent study, researchers found that most people would drive to buy the cheaper pen but happily part with the $500 for the more expensive suit. Why? The answer lies in the fact that our minds are fooling us by thinking in a relative manner instead of looking at each thing's price on its own. It makes no difference whether you save $20 by buying a pen or a suit. The original price of the item you're buying is irrelevant. ( ③ )
A similar thought process can be seen in many aspects of life, from comparing yourself to others and experiencing disappointment to always trying to keep up with your neighbors regardless of how much you actually have. The key to overcoming this relativity trap is (A) _______ and see beyond the immediate situation you are facing. ( ④ ) In the example of the pen and the suit, think what you could do with the $20 saved. In short, try to get away from the relative method of thinking that brings misery to your life.
📝 구문·어법 포인트 (교재 구문 TIP)
may have p.p.= "~였을지도 모른다" (과거 추측).that the answer lies in ...— 관계대명사 that의 선행사 혼동 주의.part with(~을 포기하다·내놓다) 뒤에 금액이 와서 would가 반복 없이 쓰임.- 조동사 + to 부정사:
is to think의 to부정사구가 보어를 이룸.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 교재 5 + 2025 Q15·Q16 + 신규 2 · 최우선 출제 예상)
▸ Q1 BEST title — 교재 1번 MCQ쉬움
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① Saving Time versus Saving Money
- ② Why Making Decisions Costs Money
- ③ Coming to Grips with the Relativity Trap
- ④ How to Save Money while Shopping
- ⑤ The Science of Comparison Shopping
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 1번 정답과 일치
왜 ③인가: 지문은 the relativity trap이라는 개념을 정의하고, 예시(pen vs suit)를 제시하며, 극복 방법을 제안. "Coming to Grips with ~" = "~를 제대로 다루다" — 전체 주제를 포괄.
오답: ①·④는 개별 예시, ②는 모호, ⑤는 과학적 관점 강조 없음.
▸ Q2 밑줄 표현 의미 "part with" — 교재 2번 MCQ중
What does the underlined part "happily part with the $500 for the more expensive suit" mean in paragraph 3?
- ① to be ready to buy a cheaper suit
- ② to have a good time in an expensive suit at a party
- ③ to spend the extra money on the expensive suit
- ④ to feel satisfied with the suit's cost
- ⑤ to split the payment with another customer
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 2번 정답과 일치
근거: part with = "돈·물건을 내놓다·지출하다". "happily part with the $500" = "$500을 기꺼이 내놓는다". 즉 더 비싼 가게에서 사도 아쉬워하지 않고 지출함.
오답: ①은 정반대(싼 가게 안 감), ②는 "party" 오해, ④는 가격 만족과 다름, ⑤는 지문에 없음.
▸ Q3 문장 삽입 위치 — 교재 3번 MCQ중
Where would the following sentence best fit in the passage?
- ① ( ① )
- ② ( ② )
- ③ ( ③ )
- ④ ( ④ )
- ⑤ 어디에도 적합하지 않음
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 3번 정답과 일치
근거: ③ 바로 앞 "The original price of the item you're buying is irrelevant." — 원래 가격은 무관하다는 결론 뒤에, "진짜 중요한 유일한 질문은 15분 = $20인가"라는 재정리 문장이 자연스럽게 이어짐.
오답: ①②는 아직 상황 제시 중, ④는 해결책 결론 뒤로 논리 흐름 끊김.
▸ Q4 빈칸 (A) — 교재 4번 MCQ중상
What is the best expression for blank (A)?
- ① to be willing to satisfy oneself
- ② to use contrast rather than comparison
- ③ to think in absolute terms
- ④ to consider a situation from a mathematical perspective
- ⑤ to prioritize time over money at all times
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 4번 정답과 일치
근거: 지문 주장 = "relative manner instead of looking at each thing's price on its own" → 함정. 극복 = 상대 비교 버리고 절대값(absolute)로 보기. "The key ... is to (A) and see beyond the immediate situation" — 그 대안이 ③ "think in absolute terms".
오답: ② contrast(대조)도 결국 비교의 한 형태, ④ "mathematical perspective"는 너무 협소, ⑤ 시간·돈 우열 주장 아님.
▸ Q5 도입 방식 — 교재 5번 MCQ쉬움
How does the writer introduce the topic?
- ① by outlining how we make choices
- ② by describing the problems we face in life
- ③ by discussing the findings of a recent study
- ④ by explaining the concept of absolute thought
- ⑤ by comparing Western and Eastern decision-making
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ① · 교재 5번 정답과 일치
근거: 1문단은 "In our daily lives, we make sense of the multitude of choices we face by using comparisons." — 독자가 선택을 어떻게 하는지 설명하며 시작. ①이 정확한 도입 방식.
오답: ② 너무 일반적, ③ 연구 결과는 3문단이지 도입 아님, ④ absolute thought는 마지막 해결책, ⑤ 문화 비교 없음.
▸ Q6 펜 vs 정장 — 2025 Q15 실제 출제 MCQ중 🔥 2025 기출
According to the passage, why do people choose to drive for the cheaper pen but not the cheaper suit?
- ① They overestimate the resale value of discounted items.
- ② They think driving for a suit is more socially acceptable.
- ③ They irrationally evaluate savings based on percentage, not actual value.
- ④ They perceive pens to be more valuable when discounted.
- ⑤ They believe suits should be bought only at premium locations.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 2025 Q15 실제 정답 · 배점 3.2점
근거: $20 절약은 동일하지만, 펜은 $21→$1(95% 할인)로 커 보이고, 정장은 $500→$480(4% 할인)로 작게 느껴짐. 지문 "thinking in a relative manner instead of looking at each thing's price on its own" — 비율(percentage) 기반 평가가 핵심. ③이 정확.
오답: ①②④⑤는 지문에 근거 없음. 함정은 "펜이 더 가치있다"(④) 같은 직관적 오답.
▸ Q7 Relativity Trap 회피법 — 2025 Q16 실제 출제 MCQ중 🔥 2025 기출
How can one BEST avoid falling into the relativity trap?
- ① By following expert shopping guides
- ② By purchasing items impulsively to save time
- ③ By evaluating benefits in absolute terms rather than relative price differences
- ④ By preferring locally-made goods to reduce confusion
- ⑤ By always comparing items across multiple stores
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 2025 Q16 실제 정답 · 배점 3.2점
근거: 지문 해결책 "think in absolute terms" + "The original price ... is irrelevant". 즉 원래 가격이나 비율이 아니라 절대값(실제 절약액)으로 판단. ③이 정확.
함정: ⑤ "항상 여러 매장 비교" — 오히려 relativity trap을 더 심화시킴. 함정 선지.
▸ Q8 서답형 — 일상 속 relativity trap 사례 확장 서답중상
Q: According to paragraph 4, what is one non-shopping example of the relativity trap mentioned in the passage? Answer in one complete English sentence (15~25 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (2~3점)
One non-shopping example is comparing yourself to others and feeling disappointed, or always trying to keep up with your neighbors regardless of how much you actually have.
채점 Key:
- ① "comparing yourself to others" 또는 "keeping up with neighbors" 언급 (2점)
- ② "disappointment" 또는 상대적 불만족 함의 (1점)
- ③ 한 문장·문법 정확 (1점)
근거: "from comparing yourself to others and experiencing disappointment to always trying to keep up with your neighbors regardless of how much you actually have".
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the writer's tone toward the relativity trap?
- ① nostalgia for simpler consumer decisions
- ② mockery of shoppers who drive for small savings
- ③ criticizeing cognitive irrationality while advocateing absolute thinking
- ④ rebellious rejection of all economic theory
- ⑤ disillusionment with modern consumerism
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: 31·25·34·47·44·3·8
왜 ③인가: 저자는 비합리적 사고(irrational cognition)를 분석하며 criticize(34, 비판). "think in absolute terms"라는 해법을 advocate(44, 옹호). 톤은 비판 + 처방.
오답: mock(조롱)은 저자의 객관 서술과 차이, nostalgia/rebellious/disillusionment는 모두 어조 불일치.
11 Euphemisms Unit 2 · Language (교사용) p.16-17 · 2025 Q18 출제 Sora 완성
Euphemisms are words or short expressions that people use when they need an indirect way to say something that would be considered rude if said directly. Understanding euphemisms is crucial if you want to talk with native English speakers.
So what are some examples of euphemisms? They are often used to talk about death. When we kill a sick pet, it sounds too horrible to use the word "kill." Instead, we "put the dog down," or we "put the dog to sleep." Similarly, with people's appearance, to say that someone is fat or ugly would seem very rude. So how about saying they're "cuddly" and "plain"? Euphemisms (A) _______.
Schools are a hotbed of euphemism use. Teachers have to be careful not to offend. If a student is lazy, he is "not working to his full potential," or maybe "his attitude is relaxed." If he is loud and arrogant, he "has strong opinions" in the teacher's diction.
Euphemisms are also often used to avoid causing offense to people of different races, or to disabled people (euphemistically known as "differently-abled"). People with learning difficulties are more politely referred to as being "intellectually challenged."
Also challenging for learners of English are the differences between American and British English. For example, Americans use "going to the bathroom" to refer to visiting the toilet, while the British sometimes use the much more cryptic expression "going to see a man about a dog"!
Another difficulty learners face is that euphemisms change. What was once an acceptable euphemism can become rude. For example, "toilet" only became unacceptable in the twentieth century, when it was replaced, in American English, by "bathroom." This changing status of euphemisms is known as the "euphemism treadmill."
📝 구문·어법 포인트 (교재 구문 TIP)
- 동격절:
that people use when ... directly가words or short expressions를 수식. 안에 있는that은something을 수식하는 관계대명사. too ~ to ...= "너무 ~해서 ...할 수 없다".be used to + V= "~하기 위해 사용되다".avoid의 목적어는 동명사causing.be referred to as= "~라고 불리다". as 뒤에는 명사·분사 (being 등).
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 교재 5 + 2025 Q18 + 신규 3)
▸ Q1 BEST title — 교재 1번 MCQ중
What is the BEST title for the passage?
- ① Euphemism Is Just a Nice Way to Say "No"
- ② Euphemisms Enrich English Language Vocabulary
- ③ Use Euphemisms as Much as Possible in Your Writing
- ④ If You Don't Know Euphemisms, You Don't Know English!
- ⑤ The Hidden Racism in English Euphemisms
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 교재 1번 정답과 일치
왜 ④인가: 지문은 euphemisms이 죽음·외모·학교·인종·화장실·변화 등 영어 생활 전반에 스며 있으며, "Understanding euphemisms is crucial if you want to talk with native English speakers"라고 명시. ④가 이 핵심 메시지를 포괄.
오답: ① "No" 대체만이 아님, ② 어휘 풍부화가 주제 아님, ③ 권장 지침 아님(장단점 서술), ⑤ 인종은 한 범주일 뿐.
▸ Q2 빈칸 (A) — 교재 2번 MCQ중상
What is the best expression for blank (A)?
- ① are a universal feature of languages
- ② make people look better than they are
- ③ soften the blow of bad news or criticism
- ④ are preferred for talking about pets and people
- ⑤ replace scientific terms with everyday vocabulary
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 2번 정답과 일치
근거: (A) 직전 예시는 죽음("put the dog down")과 외모("cuddly", "plain") — 둘 다 불편·무례한 내용을 완곡하게 표현. 이를 일반화하면 "나쁜 소식·비판의 충격 완화". ③ "soften the blow"가 정확.
오답: ② 실제보다 좋게 보이게 = 외모에만 해당, ④ 애완동물·사람 특정 아님, ①·⑤는 지문 핵심 기능 아님.
▸ Q3 NOT correct euphemism — 교재 3번 MCQ중
What is NOT a correct euphemism for the words in brackets according to the passage?
- ① plain (ugly)
- ② strong-minded (lazy)
- ③ differently-abled (disabled)
- ④ put a pet to sleep (kill a sick pet)
- ⑤ intellectually challenged (people with learning difficulties)
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 교재 3번 정답과 일치
왜 ②가 틀렸는가: 지문 3문단 "If a student is lazy, he is 'not working to his full potential,' or maybe 'his attitude is relaxed.'" — "lazy"의 완곡 표현은 "not working to full potential" 또는 "relaxed attitude". "strong-minded"는 지문에 없으며, 지문의 "has strong opinions" = loud and arrogant(시끄럽고 오만)의 완곡 표현이지 lazy가 아님 → 짝이 잘못됨.
나머지 확인: ①③④⑤ 모두 지문에 명시된 올바른 euphemism-대상 짝.
▸ Q4 어휘 의미 "cryptic" — 교재 4번 MCQ쉬움
Which word is closest in meaning to cryptic in paragraph 5?
- ① unique
- ② amusing
- ③ puzzling
- ④ exact
- ⑤ crude
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 교재 4번 정답과 일치
근거: "going to see a man about a dog" — 화장실 간다는 말인데 전혀 연관성 없는 표현. cryptic = "의미가 감춰져 이해하기 어려운 / 수수께끼 같은" = puzzling(혼란스러운·수수께끼).
▸ Q5 "Euphemism Treadmill" 의미 — 교재 5번 MCQ중
According to the passage, what is the "euphemism treadmill"?
- ① similar euphemism examples between different languages
- ② the practice of using euphemisms too often in one's communication
- ③ the confusion caused by euphemisms used in inappropriate situations
- ④ euphemisms which evolve, over time, into taboo words themselves
- ⑤ the difficulty of translating euphemisms into other languages
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④ · 교재 5번 정답과 일치
근거: 마지막 문단 "What was once an acceptable euphemism can become rude ... This changing status of euphemisms is known as the 'euphemism treadmill.'" 예시: "toilet"이 20세기에 무례해져 "bathroom"으로 교체. 즉 완곡어가 시간이 지나며 금기어처럼 되는 순환.
▸ Q6 Euphemisms의 사회적 기능 — 2025 Q18 실제 출제 MCQ중 🔥 2025 기출
What broader social function of euphemisms can be INFERRED?
- ① Euphemisms reduce humor and irony in language use.
- ② Euphemisms obscure reality to maintain social harmony.
- ③ Euphemisms clarify communication by replacing taboo words.
- ④ Euphemisms help standardize informal speech across cultures.
- ⑤ Euphemisms elevate formal language in institutional contexts.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 2025 Q18 실제 정답 · 배점 2.8점
근거: "put the dog down"(죽임 은폐), "cuddly/plain"(외모 비판 은폐), "differently-abled / intellectually challenged"(장애 은폐), 학교에서 "strong opinions"(오만 은폐) — 모두 불편한 현실을 흐리게 하여(obscure) 사회적 조화를 유지하는 기능.
오답 ③ 함정: "clarify communication"은 정반대. 완곡어법은 오히려 모호하게 하는 장치. 시험에서 가장 많이 잘못 선택하는 오답.
▸ Q7 저자의 예시 배열 — 수사적 기능 MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why does the writer organize the passage around multiple categories (death, appearance, schools, race/disability, AmE vs BrE, treadmill)?
- ① to advocate the use of euphemisms in every context
- ② to mock Americans and Britons for avoiding plain speech
- ③ to illustrate how pervasive and profound euphemisms are in everyday English
- ④ to criticize teachers for softening feedback to students
- ⑤ to present a counterargument against plain-English advocates
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: advocate(44), mock(25), illustrate(20), profound(4), criticize(34), counterargument(12)
왜 ③인가: 저자는 완곡어법이 특정 영역이 아닌 삶 전반(death/appearance/schools/race/disability/AmE-BrE/change)에 퍼져 있음을 여러 범주로 illustrate한다. "Euphemisms are also often used ... Schools are a hotbed ... Also challenging ... Another difficulty" — 병렬 나열 구조로 편재성(pervasiveness)과 깊이(profound)를 보여줌.
오답: 저자는 옹호·조롱·비판 어조가 아닌 관찰적·설명적. advocate·mock·criticize 모두 불일치.
▸ Q8 서답형 — euphemism treadmill 실제 예시 설명 서답중상
Q: Using the example of "toilet" → "bathroom" from paragraph 6, explain what the "euphemism treadmill" is. Answer in one complete English sentence (20~30 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (3점)
The "euphemism treadmill" is the cycle in which an accepted polite word like "toilet" eventually becomes rude and is replaced by a new euphemism such as "bathroom," repeating over time.
채점 Key:
- ① "once acceptable → becomes rude" 순환 개념 (2점)
- ② "toilet → bathroom" 교체 예시 포함 (1점)
- ③ "replaced by new euphemism" 함의 (1점)
- ④ 한 문장·문법 정확 (1점)
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the writer's tone?
- ① disillusionment with the hypocrisy of English speakers
- ② pure admiration for the creativity of euphemisms
- ③ amused, illustrative observation — pointing out euphemisms' variety with gentle humor
- ④ mockery of teachers and their indirect feedback
- ⑤ rebellious call to abandon all polite indirection
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: 3·11·20·25·8
왜 ③인가: 저자는 "going to see a man about a dog" 같은 표현에 느낌표("!")까지 넣으며 가벼운 유머를 보인다. "Schools are a hotbed of euphemism use" 같은 표현도 재치 있음. 전반적으로 조롱이나 비판이 아닌 관찰적·예시 중심의 즐거운 서술.
오답: disillusionment는 너무 부정적, admiration은 순수 찬탄 아님(한계도 언급), mock/rebellious는 공격적 어조로 불일치.
12 The Multi-Trillion-Dollar Battle for Your Attention Is Built on a Lie D. Graham Burnett et al. · NYT Guest Essay (Jan 2026) · ELA 전체필기 중심 텍스트 David 완성
In our anxious age, increasing attention is being directed to our attention, and to the extraordinary and seemingly inescapable forces trying to exploit it. In one recent survey, 75 percent of respondents said they have some kind of attention problem. ... We definitely have an attention problem, but it's not just a function of the digital technology that pings and beeps and flashes and nudges us ever closer to despair. It starts with the way we think about attention in the first place.
An industry estimated to be worth $7 trillion views attention in the narrowest possible way: as something that can be operationalized, engaged, task-oriented, then optimized, monetized and profitably controlled. That narrow view of attention has become so dominant that it even pervades efforts at resistance, including the countless well-meaning calls to "improve focus" or "avoid distraction." In our efforts to liberate ourselves, we have become anxious accountants of our own attention.
This kind of quantitative thinking about attention is the legacy of a little-known line of laboratory research. ... By using increasingly complex instruments to optimize our capacities, they established a powerful paradigm that saw humans as attention-paying machines, paying attention to machines. That model helped give rise to the present era, when most of us spend more than half our waking hours on devices designed to keep us enthralled to the taps and swipes of the attention economy.
Real attention cannot be measured with a stopwatch or an app, and real attention — human attention — is far deeper and more complex than the ability to get stuff done. ... The lives we long for involve going for an undisturbed walk in the park with a friend, getting lost in a book or even simply daydreaming. Life is made of these things, and they are made of attention. Armed with relentless, increasingly artificial-intelligence-driven feeds, Big Tech is conducting a successful attack on that richness, expansiveness, freedom.
Many readers will know that the past decade's most important article in A.I. research ... is entitled "Attention Is All You Need." ... What is the "attention" of the title? Amazingly, it has exactly nothing to do with our human ability to give our minds and senses to the world. Rather, it is the name the authors give to a mathematically precise way of computing and ranking information in complex data sets. A more machine-driven, more purely functional notion of attention is impossible to imagine.
We are not machines. Our lives are not data problems that can be quantitatively optimized. ... The French mystic Simone Weil ... wrote: "The authentic and pure values — truth, beauty and goodness — in the activity of a human being are the result of one and the same act, a certain application of the full attention to the object." This is a theory of attention rooted in love, care and commitment, an ethics of attention that cannot be sold or stolen.
Defeating the forces that frack human beings in order to extract the financial value of their attention is going to require a broad movement: parent activism, new legislation and regulation, novel forms of consciousness raising and collective resistance. ... Call it attention activism or even, as we have come to think of it, a new politics of "attensity".
📝 수사·구조 포인트 (ELA 필기 연계)
- 저자의 핵심 주장: "attention economy"는 거짓말 (a lie)이다. 산업은 attention을 기계적·정량적으로만 다루지만, 진짜 인간 attention은 love·care·commitment의 문제.
- 대조 구조: narrow/quantified/mechanical attention (Big Tech 관점) ↔ expansive/deep/human attention (Simone Weil·저자 관점).
- 인용 기능: William James(자유의지), Simone Weil(진·선·미), "Attention Is All You Need" 논문(반례) — 주장 뒷받침 + 반박 대조.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · David BEST-captures 패턴 + ELA 필기 반영)
▸ Q1 BEST captures — 저자의 중심 주장 MCQ상
Which statement BEST captures the authors' central argument?
- ① The rise of A.I. has made human attention obsolete.
- ② Social media companies should be banned to protect focus.
- ③ The attention economy's premise — that attention can be quantified and optimized — misses the deeper, human nature of attention itself.
- ④ Schools are failing to teach students how to concentrate.
- ⑤ Simone Weil's mystical philosophy is the only true framework for attention.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · 출제 의도: David 빈출 "BEST captures" (2025 Q1·Q2·Q5 계열)
근거: 제목 "Built on a Lie" + "It starts with the way we think about attention in the first place" + "Real attention ... is far deeper and more complex than the ability to get stuff done". 저자는 기술 자체보다 정량화 패러다임을 문제 삼음.
오답: ① 인간 attention을 오히려 옹호, ② 금지 주장 아님, ④ 학교는 일부 맥락일 뿐, ⑤ Weil은 지지 인용이나 "유일한 진리" 주장은 아님.
▸ Q2 "anxious accountants of our own attention" 의미 MCQ중상
What does the phrase "anxious accountants of our own attention" most strongly suggest?
- ① We need better focus apps to track our daily productivity.
- ② Even in trying to resist the attention economy, we have adopted its quantifying, numbers-based logic.
- ③ Accountants are the main victims of digital distraction.
- ④ Schools should teach financial literacy alongside attention management.
- ⑤ Anxiety disorders are caused by excessive bookkeeping.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 출제 의도: 은유 해석
근거: 앞 문장 "even pervades efforts at resistance, including the countless well-meaning calls to 'improve focus' or 'avoid distraction.'" — 저자는 저항 시도조차 정량화 논리에 갇힌다고 지적. "anxious accountants"는 우리가 attention을 수치로 관리하는 회계사처럼 집착한다는 은유.
오답: ① 앱 권장 주장 아님, ③·④ 회계사 직업이 주제 아님, ⑤ 질병 원인 주장 아님.
▸ Q3 "Attention Is All You Need" 인용 의도 MCQ상 📚 Vocab
Why do the authors cite the A.I. paper "Attention Is All You Need"?
- ① to advocate for wider adoption of machine-learning research
- ② to admiration-fully celebrate Google's scientific achievements
- ③ to illustrate how the word "attention" has been hijacked — its A.I. meaning has nothing to do with human attention
- ④ to present a counterargument against regulating A.I.
- ⑤ to distort the paper's technical content for rhetorical effect
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: advocate(44), admiration(11), illustrate(20), counterargument(12), distort(21)
근거: "it has exactly nothing to do with our human ability to give our minds and senses to the world. Rather, it is ... a mathematically precise way of computing and ranking information". 저자는 이 논문을 언어 탈취(semantic takeover)의 사례로 제시. = illustrate.
오답: 저자는 옹호(advocate)·찬탄(admiration)하지 않고 오히려 개념 차용을 비판. distort는 맞지 않음 — 저자는 정확히 인용.
▸ Q4 Simone Weil 인용의 수사적 기능 MCQ상
What is the primary rhetorical purpose of quoting Simone Weil?
- ① to add historical context about World War II
- ② to offer an alternative ethical vision of attention — rooted in love, care, and commitment — that resists commodification
- ③ to argue that all French philosophers understood attention correctly
- ④ to prove that tuberculosis causes philosophical insight
- ⑤ to compare Weil's experiments with Dr. Mackworth's laboratory work
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: Weil 인용 뒤 저자 해석 "This is a theory of attention rooted in love, care and commitment, an ethics of attention that cannot be sold or stolen." 즉 Weil을 통해 저자는 정량화 불가능한 대안 비전을 제시.
오답: ① 역사적 맥락은 부수적, ③ 프랑스 철학자 일반화 아님, ④ 병과 무관, ⑤ Mackworth는 기계적 관점 대표자로 대조 대상일 뿐.
▸ Q5 NOT 지문 내 언급 MCQ중
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
- ① 75% of respondents report some kind of attention problem.
- ② The attention industry is estimated at $7 trillion.
- ③ Big Tech uses A.I.-driven feeds in its attack on human attention.
- ④ The authors call for a complete ban on social media platforms.
- ⑤ The authors propose "a new politics of attensity."
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④
왜 ④인가: 저자는 "broad movement ... parent activism, new legislation and regulation, novel forms of consciousness raising and collective resistance"를 제안. 규제는 언급하지만 전면 금지(complete ban)는 어디에도 없음.
나머지 확인: ① 1문단, ② 2문단 ("$7 trillion"), ③ 4문단, ⑤ 마지막 "politics of 'attensity'" 확인 ✓.
▸ Q6 "bio-hack at the scale of Earth's population" 의미 MCQ상
The authors describe A.I.-driven attention systems as "a bio-hack at the scale of Earth's population." What does this mean?
- ① A.I. can biologically alter human DNA on a global scale.
- ② A.I. manipulates what billions of humans see and want, effectively hacking human psychology worldwide.
- ③ A.I. will soon replace biologists on Earth.
- ④ Hackers target A.I. servers at planetary scale.
- ⑤ Bio-engineering research needs to be regulated before A.I. does.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: 직전 문장 "these largely unregulated systems ... constantly aim to manipulate what we see and want". "bio-hack"은 은유 — 생물학적 유전 해킹이 아니라 인간 심리·욕망 조작, 그것도 아동·성인 모두에게 동시.
▸ Q7 서답형 — "attention economy is a lie" 해석 서답상
Q: In what sense do the authors claim that the "attention economy" is built on a lie? Answer in two complete English sentences (30~50 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (4~5점)
The "lie" is the premise that human attention can be treated as a quantifiable, machine-like resource to be measured, optimized, and sold. In reality, authentic attention is richer and more human — rooted in love, care, and commitment — and cannot be captured by any stopwatch or app.
채점 Key:
- ① "quantifiable / measurable / machine-like" 관점 비판 (1점)
- ② "real attention is deeper / richer / human" 대조 (1점)
- ③ "love, care, commitment" 또는 Weil적 윤리 언급 (1점)
- ④ 두 문장 구조·문법 정확 (1~2점)
▸ Q8 "fracking" 은유 — 연계 개념 MCQ중상
The authors write about "forces that frack human beings in order to extract the financial value of their attention." What does this metaphor emphasize?
- ① Attention is a limited resource that can never be restored.
- ② Modern tech extracts attention through aggressive, invasive methods — as oil drilling extracts petroleum from deep rock.
- ③ Attention can be bottled and exported like natural gas.
- ④ Only professional drillers can access attention deep in the brain.
- ⑤ Environmental damage is the real cost of social media.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: Burnett는 Ezra Klein 인터뷰에서도 "fracking" 은유를 사용 — 고압·침습적 추출이 핵심. "extract the financial value"가 단서. Big Tech가 attention을 석유 시추처럼 폭력적으로 뽑아낸다는 비판.
오답: ① "한 번도 회복 불가"는 과도, ③ 비유의 부차 요소(병입·수출), ④ 말장난, ⑤ 환경 피해는 본 주제 아님.
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the authors' tone?
- ① light mockery of Silicon Valley
- ② nostalgia for the pre-internet era
- ③ urgent criticizement of dehumanization + advocate for attention activism
- ④ disillusionment with no hope for change
- ⑤ detached retrospective historical analysis
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: 25·31·34·33·44·3·18
근거: 저자는 "extractive enterprise", "bio-hack", "dehumanization" 같은 강한 표현으로 criticize(34)하고, 동시에 "broad movement", "attention activism"을 advocate(44). 정치적 manifesto의 어조 — dehumanization(33)에 대한 저항.
오답: 가벼운 조롱 아님(심각), 향수 아님(미래지향), 희망 없음 아님(activism 제안), 분리 분석 아님(정치적 참여).
13 Transcript — Ezra Klein Interviews D. Graham Burnett NYT Podcast (May 2024) · "fracking" 은유 창안 · 필기 핵심 인터뷰 David 완성
EZRA KLEIN: I think a lot about the way we talk about attention. Because the way we talk about something is the way we think about it. What do you always hear about attention when you're in school? Pay attention, as if we have a certain amount of attention in our mental wallet, and we have to spend it wisely. We need to use it to buy algebra, rather than buying gossip or jokes or daydreams.
I wish that was how my attention worked. It certainly did not work that way then. I graduated high school with a 2.2 because I cannot pay attention. I just can't, to information delivered in the form of long lectures. ... I keep looking for episodes we can do on this ... And so I keep looking for episodes we can do on this, people who have found a better way to study attention or talk about it or teach it. Then I was reading this piece on attention in "The New Yorker" by Nathan Heller, and I came across Burnett, who's doing all three.
EZRA KLEIN: So you've written that our attention is being fracked. What do you mean by that?
D. GRAHAM BURNETT: Fracking. ... Fracking is mostly associated with this idea of getting petroleum resources out of the earth. ... The only way you can get the remaining petroleum and natural gas stuck deep in shale is to pump down in there, high pressure, high volume, water and chemicals, and you get to the surface this kind of slurry mixture of natural gas, crude oil and those cleansers and nasty stuff, which you then separate out ...
And that's the metaphor I'm drawing on when I say that our attention is being fracked. ... what's happening to us in our contemporary attention economy is that a $7 trillion industry is continuously pumping down into us vast quantities of high-pressure, high-volume content ... and that pumping brings to the surface that spume, that foam of our attention, which can be aggregated and sold off to the highest bidder.
EZRA KLEIN: How do you define what attention is?
BURNETT: I would love for us to use this whole conversation to roll up on the shores of that deepest question again and again. ... I'm in the process of finishing a history of science book about the laboratory study of this thing called attention since about 1880. In laboratories, using experiments, scientists have, since the late 19th century, sliced and diced a human capacity that they've called attention. ... When they started doing early eye tracking experiments ... largely, it should be said, financed by friends in the emerging advertising industry — there was a kind of biotic relationship that emerged between certain forms of experimental psychology and those who were trying to sell you stuff.
BURNETT (on "unholy" attention research): In the interwar period, a set of experiments called pursuit tests were used to assess the capability of military aviators. ... Imagine a cursor that moves around ... with a joystick, to keep bracketing that cursor as it moves. ... And then we hook you up and gradually deprive you of oxygen. ... This was understood to be an attentional test. It's cybernetic. It's a way of integrating humans with machines. It uses attentionality as a way of measuring the kind of mechanization of the human subject in relation to a machine.
BURNETT: ... we see the legacy of that kind of work, to this day, in the way we think about attention. That attention was sliced and diced in laboratories. And that very same thing is what's now being priced with these calamitous effects in the way we experience ourselves.
📝 수사·구조 포인트
- Fracking 은유: 고압·고부피로 압박해 주의(attention)의 거품(spume, foam)을 뽑아낸다. 석유 시추의 침습성을 attention economy에 적용.
- Sliced and diced → priced 언어유희 (운율): 실험실에서 잘게 쪼갠 것이 이제는 가격 매겨짐 — 20세기 과학이 현대 상업의 기반.
- Burnett의 수사 전략: Klein의 "mental wallet / spend wisely" 비유를 먼저 부정 (attention은 지갑이 아니다) → 자신의 fracking 은유로 재구성.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 대화 해석 · tone · 은유 중심)
▸ Q1 BEST captures — Burnett의 핵심 은유 MCQ상
Which statement BEST captures Burnett's "fracking" metaphor for attention?
- ① Attention is a renewable resource, easily recovered after use.
- ② Tech companies use high-pressure, invasive methods to extract and commercialize human attention — just as fracking violently extracts oil from deep rock.
- ③ Attention can be stored in mental wallets for later use.
- ④ Only environmental activists should worry about attention.
- ⑤ Fracking and attention economics both harm the physical environment.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · 출제 의도: 은유 해석 (David 빈출)
근거: Burnett: "a $7 trillion industry is continuously pumping down into us vast quantities of high-pressure, high-volume content ... brings to the surface that spume, that foam of our attention, which can be aggregated and sold off." 정확히 침습 추출 + 상업화 구조.
오답: ① 재생가능성 반대, ③ Klein의 "mental wallet"는 Burnett가 부정하는 틀, ④ 환경운동가 한정 아님, ⑤ 물리적 환경 아닌 심리적 침해.
▸ Q2 Klein의 "mental wallet" 비유 기능 MCQ중상
Why does Klein mention the "mental wallet" metaphor at the start of the conversation?
- ① to advocate the mental wallet model of attention
- ② to illustrate the common way we talk about attention — as a scarce resource to spend — which the rest of the conversation then challenges
- ③ to mock his own high school self for poor grades
- ④ to argue that students should manage their attention like a budget
- ⑤ to criticize teachers who tell students to "pay attention"
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · Vocab: advocate(44), illustrate(20), mock(25), criticize(34)
근거: Klein은 "I wish that was how my attention worked. It certainly did not work that way then" — 자기 경험으로 반박. 전형적인 대화 도입: 공통 통념 제시 → 한계 지적 → 새로운 관점(Burnett) 소개.
오답: advocate·mock·criticize 모두 Klein의 중립적 도입과 불일치. ④는 반대 방향.
▸ Q3 "sliced and diced ... priced" 언어유희 기능 MCQ상
What is the rhetorical effect of Burnett's phrase "sliced and diced ... and now being priced"?
- ① It shows that attention research has always been about cuisine.
- ② The rhyming echo links 19th-century laboratory fragmentation to 21st-century commercialization — history produces the tools of today's exploitation.
- ③ It suggests that attention can be bought and sold at farmers' markets.
- ④ It is an accidental pun with no argumentative purpose.
- ⑤ It distorts the historical record for entertainment value.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: Burnett: "that very same thing is what's now being priced with these calamitous effects". "sliced and diced"(실험 분해)와 "priced"(상업 가격 매김)의 운율이 1880년대 실험실과 현재 상업을 연결·인과 설명.
오답: ①③ 문자 그대로의 음식/시장, ④ 의도적 효과 부정, ⑤ 왜곡 아닌 사실 인용.
▸ Q4 Pursuit tests 예시의 의도 MCQ상
Why does Burnett describe the "pursuit tests" used on military aviators as an "unholy" example?
- ① Because the tests were religious in origin.
- ② Because fighter pilots were tested without consent.
- ③ Because the tests reduced human attention to a mechanical integration with machines, foreshadowing today's cybernetic relationship between humans and devices.
- ④ Because oxygen deprivation is unethical.
- ⑤ Because the tests were secretly commercial.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③
근거: "It's cybernetic ... It's a way of integrating humans with machines. It uses attentionality as a way of measuring the kind of mechanization of the human subject in relation to a machine." Burnett는 이것이 현재의 attention economy를 예고한다고 본다 — "you can see aspects of that reality prefigured".
오답: ① 종교적 의미가 아닌 "비인간적" 의미의 unholy. ②④ 윤리 문제는 부차, ⑤ 군사 목적 명시.
▸ Q5 NOT true — 지문 사실 확인 MCQ중
Which of the following is NOT true based on the interview?
- ① Klein admits he graduated high school with a 2.2 GPA.
- ② Burnett is writing a history-of-science book on attention research since 1880.
- ③ Early eye-tracking experiments were financed partly by the advertising industry.
- ④ Burnett believes the "mental wallet" metaphor is the most accurate way to describe attention.
- ⑤ Pursuit tests during the interwar period combined joystick-tracking with oxygen deprivation.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④
왜 ④가 틀렸는가: "mental wallet"는 Klein이 도입한 흔한 비유로 Burnett는 이를 반박하기 위해 대화 진행. Burnett가 옹호하는 건 fracking 은유 + love/care/commitment 기반 attention 윤리.
▸ Q6 "biotic relationship" 해석 (광고업계-심리학) MCQ중상
When Burnett says there was a "biotic relationship" between experimental psychology and people trying to sell things, he means:
- ① biology research directly funded psychology labs
- ② experimental psychology and commerce developed in a symbiotic way — each feeding the other, with advertisers funding attention research and psychologists providing tools for selling
- ③ biotic and abiotic factors both shape human attention
- ④ psychologists became salespeople in their free time
- ⑤ advertising agencies had biological laboratories
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: "largely, it should be said, financed by friends in the emerging advertising industry" + "biotic relationship ... between certain forms of experimental psychology and those who were trying to sell you stuff". 공생 관계(symbiosis)의 강조.
▸ Q7 서답형 — fracking 은유의 두 단계 해설 서답상
Q: Explain the two steps of Burnett's "fracking" metaphor as he applies it to the attention economy. Answer in two complete English sentences (30~50 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (4~5점)
First, tech companies pump vast amounts of high-pressure, high-volume content into us, just as fracking injects water and chemicals deep into shale. Second, this pressure brings our attention — the "spume" or foam — to the surface, where it is aggregated and sold to the highest bidder.
채점 Key:
- ① 1단계: "pump high-pressure content" / 주입 (1점)
- ② 2단계: attention을 "spume / foam"으로 끌어올려 상업화 (2점)
- ③ 석유·가스 유사성 언급 (1점)
- ④ 문법·두 문장 구조 (1점)
▸ Q8 Burnett의 역사학자 입장의 기능 MCQ중상
How does Burnett's identity as a "historian of science" shape his argument in this interview?
- ① It makes his claims subjective and unverifiable.
- ② It allows him to trace today's attention exploitation back to 19th-century laboratory practices, giving his critique historical depth.
- ③ It forces him to avoid any modern examples.
- ④ It means he can only describe past experiments, not current ones.
- ⑤ It makes him a reluctant defender of Big Tech.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: "I'm in the process of finishing a history of science book about the laboratory study of this thing called attention since about 1880." + "We see the legacy of that kind of work, to this day, in the way we think about attention." → 역사적 계보를 추적해 현재 비판에 깊이를 더함.
▸ Q9 Burnett의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes Burnett's tone?
- ① pure nostalgia for pre-digital life
- ② mockery of Klein's personal anecdotes
- ③ cognitive, retrospective critique — exposing manipulation with historical and philosophical depth
- ④ disillusionment so deep that no solution is possible
- ⑤ rebellious rejection of all scientific research
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: 31·25·47·18·48·3·8
근거: Burnett는 cognitive(47, 인지적) 분석 + retrospective(18, 회고적) 역사적 관점을 결합. 광고업계의 manipulation(48, 조작)을 폭로하면서도 대안 비전(attention activism)을 제시.
오답: 순수 향수·조롱·절망·전면 반과학 — 모두 Burnett의 분석적 tone과 불일치.
14 How Social Media Shortens Your Life Gurwinder (Aug 2025) · Chronoception · 30-minute tick factor David 완성
I. THE NORMALISATION OF AMNESIA
The most common noun in the English language is "time". We talk obsessively about time because it's the most important thing in the universe. Without it, nothing can happen. And yet most of us treat time as if it's the least important thing. We kick up a fuss when tech giants steal our data, but we've been strangely nonchalant as those same companies carry out the greatest heist of our time in history.
One reason for our indifference is that the true scale of the theft has been hidden from us. Social media platforms have been stealing our time using a sneaky trick: they've been speeding up our sense of time — effectively shortening our lives — so we think we had less than we did, and don't notice some of it was pilfered.
Every social media user has experienced the theft of their time. You may log on to quickly check your notifications, and before you know it, half an hour has gone by. This phenomenon even has a name: the "30-minute tick factor". It also has empirical support. Experiments have found that people using apps like TikTok and Instagram start to underestimate the time they're on such platforms after just a few minutes of use, even when they're explicitly told to keep track of time.
To understand how social media warps time, we must understand time perception (chronoception). Even outside of our heads, time doesn't move at a constant pace. It's, for instance, slowed by gravity. ... Just as massive objects can slow objective time, weighty experiences slow subjective time. It's why people tend to overestimate the duration of earthquakes and accidents (or in fact any scary situation).
Generally, an event feels longer in the moment if it heightens awareness. But we rarely think of time in the moment; the majority of our sense of time is retrospective. And our sense of retrospective time is determined by awareness of the past: in other words, by memory. The more we remember of a certain period, the longer that period feels, and the slower time seems to have passed.
Sometimes an experience can seem brief in the moment but long in memory, and vice versa. A holiday feels short while you're on it because you're so overwhelmed by new experiences that you don't keep track of time. But when you return from your vacation, it suddenly feels longer in retrospect; because you filled the time with novel, memorable events.
📝 수사·구조 포인트
- 역설 구조: "time is most important" ↔ "we treat it as least important" → "data theft"에는 분노하지만 "time theft"에는 무관심.
- "heist" 은유: Big Tech가 데이터뿐 아니라 시간을 훔친다는 범죄 비유. 은밀한("sneaky") 수법이 데이터 해킹보다 더 큼.
- 논증 기법: 경험담("30-minute tick factor") → 실험 근거(TikTok·Instagram) → 과학 개념(chronoception).
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 시간 지각 + tone + 은유 중심)
▸ Q1 BEST captures — 저자의 중심 주장 MCQ상
Which statement BEST captures the author's central argument?
- ① Social media companies should pay compensation for data breaches.
- ② Social media platforms shorten our lives by distorting our sense of time, making us underestimate how much time they consume.
- ③ Social media is harmful only because it causes physical health problems.
- ④ Time perception has never changed throughout human history.
- ⑤ Vacations should be shorter to preserve memory.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: "speeding up our sense of time — effectively shortening our lives — so we think we had less than we did, and don't notice some of it was pilfered." — 주제 문장.
오답: ① 보상 주장 아님, ③ 신체 건강은 부차, ④ 반대 (시간 지각은 가변), ⑤ 휴가는 반례 장치일 뿐.
▸ Q2 "THE NORMALISATION OF AMNESIA" 제목의 함의 MCQ중상
What does the section heading "The Normalisation of Amnesia" imply?
- ① Amnesia is a rare medical condition that everyone should study.
- ② Social media users deliberately choose to forget their time on apps.
- ③ Losing memory of time spent on social media has become routine and accepted — a cultural forgetting that we no longer notice.
- ④ Social media requires users to have good long-term memory.
- ⑤ Normal users never experience amnesia.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③
근거: 글 첫머리 "most of us treat time as if it's the least important thing" + "we've been strangely nonchalant" + "the true scale of the theft has been hidden from us". 기억 상실이 정상이 된 무감각 상태가 제목의 의미.
▸ Q3 "30-minute tick factor" 실험 결과의 의미 MCQ중
What do experiments about TikTok and Instagram demonstrate, according to the passage?
- ① Users can precisely estimate how long they've scrolled.
- ② Only new users are affected by time distortion; experienced users are not.
- ③ Users start to underestimate their time on the platform after just a few minutes, even when explicitly told to track it.
- ④ The apps produce the same time distortion as an earthquake.
- ⑤ Time distortion is caused only by notifications, not content.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③
근거: "Experiments have found that people using apps like TikTok and Instagram start to underestimate the time they're on such platforms after just a few minutes of use, even when they're explicitly told to keep track of time."
▸ Q4 저자가 data theft vs time theft를 대조하는 이유 MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why does the author contrast "data theft" with "time theft"?
- ① to advocate weaker data protection laws
- ② to distort public concern about privacy
- ③ to illustrate a paradoxical double standard — we rage against data theft but remain nonchalant about far greater time theft
- ④ to argue that data is more valuable than time
- ⑤ to mock privacy activists
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: advocate(44), distort(21), illustrate(20), mock(25)
근거: "We kick up a fuss when tech giants steal our data, but we've been strangely nonchalant as those same companies carry out the greatest heist of our time in history." — 독자의 자기모순을 드러내는 도입.
▸ Q5 NOT true — chronoception 사실 확인 MCQ중
Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
- ① Time can be slowed by gravity.
- ② Weighty experiences slow subjective time.
- ③ Most of our sense of time is retrospective and depends on memory.
- ④ Holidays feel longer in the moment than they do in retrospect.
- ⑤ Scary situations such as earthquakes feel longer than they actually are.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④
왜 ④가 틀렸는가: 지문은 정반대 — "A holiday feels short while you're on it ... But when you return ... it suddenly feels longer in retrospect". 순간에는 짧고 회고하면 김.
▸ Q6 "greatest heist of our time" 은유 MCQ중상
The phrase "the greatest heist of our time" contains a pun. What is the pun?
- ① "Heist" sounds like "highest"
- ② "of our time" simultaneously means (a) "of our era / in history" and (b) "of our actual time / lived hours"
- ③ "Greatest" is an exaggeration
- ④ Heists are only committed at night
- ⑤ Tech giants are compared to bank robbers by name
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: 문장 "the greatest heist of our time in history" — "of our time"이 관용구 (역사상 최대)로도, 문자 그대로 (우리의 시간을 대상으로) 도 읽힘. 이중 의미 = 말장난 (pun).
▸ Q7 Retrospective time과 기억의 관계 MCQ상
Based on paragraph 5, why does a long TikTok session feel like it passed "in a flash" after the fact?
- ① Because TikTok clocks deliberately run faster.
- ② Because the content is so homogeneous and lacks novel, memorable events — we form few memories, so retrospective time shrinks.
- ③ Because users typically use TikTok at night when time moves slower.
- ④ Because TikTok mutes all notifications.
- ⑤ Because TikTok is built on the same algorithm as Instagram.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: "our sense of retrospective time is determined by awareness of the past: in other words, by memory. The more we remember of a certain period, the longer that period feels". SNS는 반복적·유사 콘텐츠라 기억이 적어 → 짧게 느껴짐.
▸ Q8 서답형 — 시간 지각 왜곡 메커니즘 서답상
Q: Using the passage's concepts of retrospective time and memory, explain why social media feels shorter in retrospect than it really is. Answer in two complete English sentences (30~50 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (4~5점)
Our retrospective sense of time depends on memory — the more we remember, the longer a period feels. Social media content is so repetitive that we form few memorable impressions, so the scroll session collapses in memory and feels much shorter than it actually was.
채점 Key:
- ① retrospective time + memory 연결 (2점)
- ② SNS 콘텐츠의 반복·비특징성 언급 (1점)
- ③ 기억 부족 → 짧게 느껴짐 인과 (1점)
- ④ 두 문장·문법 (1점)
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the author's tone?
- ① admiration for social media engineers
- ② nostalgia for pre-digital life
- ③ criticizement of cognitive manipulation combined with illustrated scientific explanation
- ④ mockery of users with bad memory
- ⑤ rebellious call to destroy all devices
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: 11·31·34·47·48·20·25·8
근거: 저자는 "heist", "pilfered", "stealing our time" 같은 강한 표현으로 criticize하면서, chronoception·retrospective time 같은 cognitive(47) 과학 개념으로 메커니즘을 illustrate(20). 사용자 조롱 없이 시스템의 manipulation(48)을 폭로.
15 Powerful Forces Are Fracking Our Attention. We Can Fight Back. D. Graham Burnett et al. · NYT Guest Essay (Nov 2023) · "attensity" 개념 제안 David 완성
The lament is as old as education itself: The students aren't paying attention. But today, the problem of flighty or fragmented attention has reached truly catastrophic proportions. High school and college teachers overwhelmingly report that students' capacity for sustained, or deep attention has sharply decreased, significantly impeding the forms of study — reading, looking at art, round-table discussions — once deemed central to the liberal arts.
By some measures you are lucky these days to get 47 seconds of focused attention on a discrete task. "Middlemarch" is tough sledding on that timeline. So are most forms of human interaction out of which meaningful life, collective action and political engagement are made.
We are witnessing the dark side of our new technological lives, whose extractive profit models amount to the systematic fracking of human beings — pumping vast quantities of high-pressure media content into our faces to force up a spume of the vaporous, intimate stuff called attention, which now trades on the open market. Increasingly powerful systems seek to ensure that our attention is never truly ours.
In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution enabled harrowing new forms of exploitation and human misery. Yet through new forms of activity such as trade unionism and labor organizing, working people pushed back against the systems that compromised their humanity and pressed money out of their blood and sweat. We are now entering the period of a parallel revolution against the dishonest extraction of value from you and me — and, most visibly of all, our children.
This is going to require attention to attention, and dedicated spaces to learn (or relearn) the powers of this precious faculty. Spaces where we can give our focus to objects and language and other people, and thereby fashion ourselves in relation to a common world. If you think that this sounds like school, you're right: This revolution starts in our classrooms.
We must flip the script on teachers' perennial complaint. The moment has come for a new and profound call to action: educators and students should together confront the expropriation of value happening through attention manipulation.
The implications of such a shift are vast. For two centuries, champions of liberal democracy have agreed that individual and collective freedom requires literacy. But as once-familiar calls for an informed citizenry give way to fears of informational saturation and perpetual distraction, literacy becomes less urgent than "attensity", the capacity for attention. What democracy most needs now is an attentive citizenry — human beings capable of looking up from their screens, together.
📝 수사·구조 포인트
- 역사적 평행: 19세기 산업혁명 ↔ 현재 attention 혁명. 노동자들이 노조·조직으로 반격했듯 attention도 반격해야 한다는 병치.
- "Literacy → Attensity": 민주주의의 기반이 읽기 능력에서 주의 집중 능력으로 이동해야 한다는 개념 도입.
- 끝맺음 호소: "looking up from their screens, together" — 구체적 행동 이미지로 독자 공감 유도.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 역사 평행 + attensity 개념 + David 패턴)
▸ Q1 BEST captures — 저자의 중심 주장 MCQ상
Which statement BEST captures the authors' central call to action?
- ① Schools should ban all digital technology permanently.
- ② Teachers should simply complain louder about distracted students.
- ③ Just as workers organized against 19th-century industrial exploitation, we must now mount a collective revolution for "attensity" — starting in the classroom.
- ④ Liberal democracy will collapse within a decade.
- ⑤ Literacy should be abandoned in favor of A.I. tutoring.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③
근거: 역사 평행 "In the 19th century ... working people pushed back" + "We are now entering the period of a parallel revolution" + "This revolution starts in our classrooms" + "attensity, the capacity for attention" — 삼중 결합.
오답: ① 금지 아님, ② 반대 (script 뒤집기), ④ 운명론 아님, ⑤ literacy 포기 아닌 확장.
▸ Q2 19세기 산업혁명 평행의 의도 MCQ중상 📚 Vocab
Why do the authors draw a parallel between the Industrial Revolution and today's attention economy?
- ① to criticize unions for being outdated
- ② to advocate returning to 19th-century work conditions
- ③ to establish an analogy — collective resistance worked then, so it can work now
- ④ to distort the history of labor
- ⑤ to suggest that workers and students should form one union
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: criticize(34), advocate(44), analogy(15), distort(21)
근거: "Yet through new forms of activity such as trade unionism and labor organizing, working people pushed back against the systems that compromised their humanity". 역사적 선례(precedent)를 통해 현재의 낙관적 가능성을 주장. analogy(15번).
▸ Q3 "Literacy → Attensity" 개념 전환 MCQ상
According to the authors, what shift does modern democracy require?
- ① from printed books to digital texts
- ② from literacy to illiteracy
- ③ from emphasizing only literacy to also cultivating "attensity" — the capacity for sustained attention
- ④ from teacher-led classrooms to A.I.-led instruction
- ⑤ from local to global democratic institutions
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③
근거: "literacy becomes less urgent than 'attensity', the capacity for attention. What democracy most needs now is an attentive citizenry" — literacy를 버리는 게 아니라 attensity가 더 시급해진 것.
함정: ② "illiteracy(문맹)"는 저자의 주장과 반대.
▸ Q4 "47 seconds of focused attention" 인용 기능 MCQ중상
Why do the authors cite "47 seconds of focused attention"?
- ① to mock researchers who collect such data
- ② to illustrate, with a concrete number, how severe the attention decline has become — even a novel like Middlemarch is unreadable on that timeline
- ③ to advocate a 47-second reading limit for all digital content
- ④ to present a counterargument against reading novels
- ⑤ to argue for longer homework assignments
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: "By some measures you are lucky these days to get 47 seconds ... 'Middlemarch' is tough sledding on that timeline. So are most forms of human interaction out of which meaningful life, collective action and political engagement are made." — 구체 수치로 위기의 심각성 illustrate.
▸ Q5 "flip the script" 의미 MCQ중상
What does "flip the script on teachers' perennial complaint" mean?
- ① Teachers should stop giving scripts to students.
- ② Classrooms should be filmed and recorded.
- ③ Instead of teachers passively complaining that students don't pay attention, they should actively make attention itself the subject of education.
- ④ Teachers should reverse all lesson plans.
- ⑤ Students should assign themselves grades.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③
근거: 1문단 "The students aren't paying attention" = 전통적 불평. 마지막 문단 "flip the script" + "educators and students should together confront the expropriation of value happening through attention manipulation". 불평 → 행동으로 전환.
▸ Q6 NOT 지문 내 주장 MCQ중
Which of the following is NOT argued in the passage?
- ① Attention is being "fracked" — extracted and sold — by tech profit models.
- ② The revolution for attention should begin in classrooms.
- ③ Democracy needs an "attentive citizenry."
- ④ The 19th-century labor movement failed, so we should not repeat their strategies.
- ⑤ Sustained reading and round-table discussions were central to the liberal arts.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④
왜 ④가 틀렸는가: 저자는 오히려 19세기 노동 운동을 성공 선례로 제시 — "working people pushed back against the systems that compromised their humanity". 실패라 하지 않음.
▸ Q7 "catastrophic" 어휘 선택의 효과 MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Why do the authors describe the attention problem as having reached "truly catastrophic proportions"?
- ① to provoke a specific financial calculation
- ② to provoke a sense of crisis and severe urgency, making readers take collective action
- ③ to distort the empirical findings
- ④ to mock teachers' complaints as hyperbolic
- ⑤ to suggest that only natural disasters are comparable
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · Vocab: provoke(46), crisis(30), severe(29), distort(21), mock(25)
근거: "catastrophic"은 severe(29)한 crisis(30)를 강조해 독자에게 반응을 provoke(46). 이는 Nov 2023 essay의 긴급성 프레임. 저자는 데이터와 이 어휘로 집단 행동을 유도.
▸ Q8 서답형 — "attensity" 개념 설명 서답상
Q: What is "attensity" and why do the authors argue it is more urgent than literacy today? Answer in two complete English sentences (30~50 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (4~5점)
"Attensity" is the capacity for sustained attention. It is now more urgent than literacy because the information age has saturated people with content; without attensity, even literate citizens cannot form the sustained focus that democracy and meaningful engagement require.
채점 Key:
- ① attensity = capacity for attention (1점)
- ② 민주주의·시민성과 연결 (1점)
- ③ 정보 과잉·distraction 언급 (1점)
- ④ 두 문장·문법 (1~2점)
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the authors' tone?
- ① nostalgia for 19th-century factory life
- ② detached retrospective historical analysis
- ③ urgent call to advocate + rebellious collective action against manipulation
- ④ mockery of both students and teachers
- ⑤ disillusionment with any possibility of reform
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ③ · Vocab: 31·18·44·8·48·25·3
근거: "parallel revolution" + "flip the script" + "profound call to action" — advocate(44, 옹호)와 rebellious(8, 저항적) 어조 결합. 산업혁명 저항을 호출해 manipulation(48) 시스템에 맞서라는 선언.
16 The Age of Attention James Williams · Cambridge University Press · "Information Age → Age of Attention" 제안 David 완성
Orwell epigraph: "To see what is in front of one's nose needs a constant struggle."
When I told my mother I was moving to the other side of the planet to study technology ethics at a school that's almost three times as old as my country, she asked, "Why would you go somewhere so old to study something so new?" In a way, the question contained its own answer. Working in the technology industry, I felt, was akin to climbing a mountain, and that's one way — a very up-close and hands-on way — to get to know a mountain. But if you want to see its shape, paint its profile, understand its relations with the wider geography — to do that, you have to go a few miles away and look back. I felt that my inquiry into the faulty GPSes of my life required this move. I needed distance, not only physical but also temporal and ultimately critical, from the windy yet intriguing cliffs of the technology industry. "Amongst the rocks one cannot stop or think."
I soon found that my quest to gain distance from the mountain of the technology industry was paralleling, and in many ways enabling, a more general quest to gain distance from the assumptions of the Information Age altogether. I suspect that no one living in a named age — the Bronze Age, the Iron Age — ever called it by the name we give it now. They no doubt used other names rooted in assumptions of their times that they could not imagine would ever be overturned.
So it's always both bemused and annoyed me, in roughly equal measure, that we so triumphantly call our time the "Information Age." Information is the water in which we swim; we perceive it to be the raw material of the human experience. So the dominant metaphor for the human is now the computer, and we interpret the challenges of our world primarily in terms of the management of information.
This is, of course, the standard way people talk about digital technologies: it's assumed that information is fundamentally what they're managing, manipulating, and moving around. ... Every day, we hear dozens of remarks like this: on the radio, in the newspaper, and in conversations with others. We instinctively frame issues pertaining to digital technologies in informational terms, which means that the political and ethical challenges we end up worrying about most of the time also involve the management of information: privacy, security, surveillance, and so on.
This is understandable. For most of human history, we've lived in environments of information scarcity. In those contexts, the implicit goal of information technologies has been to break down the barriers between us and information. ... For example, a hundred years ago you could stand on a street corner in a city and start preaching, and people would probably stop and listen. They had the time and attention to spare.
Yet, as the noted economist Herbert Simon pointed out in the 1970s, when information becomes abundant, attention becomes the scarce resource. "In an information-rich world, the wealth of information means a dearth of something else: a scarcity of whatever it is that information consumes. What information consumes is rather obvious: it consumes the attention of its recipients. Hence a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention and a need to allocate [it] efficiently."
📝 수사·구조 포인트
- "Climbing mountain / going miles away" 은유: 현업 종사자는 가까이서 보지만 멀리서 볼 때 전체를 볼 수 있음. 저자가 왜 옥스퍼드(오래된 곳)에서 기술 윤리를 공부하는지의 근거.
- Orwell 인용: "To see what is in front of one's nose needs a constant struggle" — 너무 가까운 것은 오히려 안 보인다는 역설.
- 저자의 핵심 전환: "Information Age" → "Age of Attention" — 정보가 흔해질수록 주의가 희소 자원이 된다는 Herbert Simon 인용 경유.
✏️ 2026 예상문제 (9문항 · 시대 명명 + 희소성 전환 + 은유 중심)
▸ Q1 BEST captures — 저자의 중심 주장 MCQ상
Which statement BEST captures the author's central argument?
- ① Technology ethics can only be studied at old universities.
- ② Our time should no longer be called the "Information Age" — because information is abundant, the real scarcity is attention.
- ③ The Bronze Age is misnamed and should be renamed.
- ④ Privacy and security are the most important ethical issues today.
- ⑤ Information should be restricted to protect attention.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: Simon 인용 "when information becomes abundant, attention becomes the scarce resource" + 저자 논지 "we so triumphantly call our time the 'Information Age'" (빈정거림) → 대안 명명: "The Age of Attention" (제목).
오답: ① 개인 선택 배경, ③ Bronze Age는 비유, ④ 저자가 벗어나야 할 관점, ⑤ 정보 제한 주장 아님.
▸ Q2 "Climbing a mountain" 은유의 의미 MCQ중상
What does the author's "climbing a mountain" / "going a few miles away" metaphor mean?
- ① Studying at old schools requires literal mountain climbing.
- ② To understand an industry or era as a whole, one must step back physically, temporally, and critically — you can't see a mountain's shape while climbing it.
- ③ Silicon Valley is located on a mountain.
- ④ Technology workers should change jobs frequently.
- ⑤ Geography determines ethics.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: "if you want to see its shape ... you have to go a few miles away and look back. I needed distance, not only physical but also temporal and ultimately critical". Orwell의 "in front of one's nose"와 연결 — 너무 가까우면 안 보임.
▸ Q3 "Bronze Age / Iron Age" 인용의 기능 MCQ상
What is the rhetorical purpose of the Bronze Age / Iron Age analogy?
- ① to argue that our era's metals are more advanced
- ② to suggest that no era names itself correctly — the people who lived through named ages used their own, now-forgotten names rooted in unchallenged assumptions
- ③ to claim that past civilizations were more attentive
- ④ to establish that all ages are essentially the same
- ⑤ to advocate returning to pre-digital technology
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: "no one living in a named age — the Bronze Age, the Iron Age — ever called it by the name we give it now. They no doubt used other names rooted in assumptions of their times that they could not imagine would ever be overturned." — 우리가 "Information Age"라고 자부하는 것도 미래엔 뒤집힐 전제일 수 있다는 함의.
▸ Q4 Herbert Simon 인용의 기능 MCQ중상
Why does the author quote Herbert Simon at length?
- ① to mock 1970s economics
- ② to provide authoritative support for the core claim that abundance of information creates scarcity of attention
- ③ to argue that economists are always right
- ④ to distort Simon's actual argument
- ⑤ to present a counterargument against digital technology
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: "as the noted economist Herbert Simon pointed out in the 1970s, when information becomes abundant, attention becomes the scarce resource" — 저자의 주장을 권위 있는 경제학자 인용으로 뒷받침.
▸ Q5 NOT 지문 내 주장 MCQ중
Which of the following is NOT argued in the passage?
- ① Information has long been treated as scarce; digital technology broke this scarcity.
- ② The computer has become the dominant metaphor for the human.
- ③ Issues like privacy and surveillance frame digital-ethics in informational terms.
- ④ The author believes the "Information Age" label accurately captures our era.
- ⑤ Herbert Simon argued that wealth of information creates poverty of attention.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ④
왜 ④가 틀렸는가: 저자는 "Information Age"라는 명칭에 "bemused and annoyed" — 불만을 표함. 대안으로 "The Age of Attention"을 제안. 정반대.
▸ Q6 "Information is the water in which we swim" 의미 MCQ중상
What does the author mean by "Information is the water in which we swim"?
- ① Information is literally liquid.
- ② Information so pervades our lives that we no longer notice it — it has become an invisible, taken-for-granted medium.
- ③ Only fishermen need to worry about information.
- ④ The ocean metaphor praises digital technology.
- ⑤ Water and information are the same substance.
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ②
근거: "we perceive it to be the raw material of the human experience. So the dominant metaphor for the human is now the computer" — 정보가 우리에게 공기·물처럼 당연하게 여겨짐. Orwell의 "in front of one's nose"와 직결.
▸ Q7 "street corner preaching" 역사 예시의 기능 MCQ상 📚 Vocab
Why does the author mention that "a hundred years ago you could stand on a street corner in a city and start preaching, and people would probably stop and listen"?
- ① to advocate religious street preaching today
- ② to illustrate a historical time when information was scarce and attention was plentiful — the opposite of today
- ③ to mock modern pedestrians for ignoring strangers
- ④ to argue that cities ruined communication
- ⑤ to distort historical records about urban life
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · Vocab: advocate(44), illustrate(20), mock(25), distort(21)
근거: "Because information was scarce, any new piece of it represented a novel addition to your life. You had plenty of capacity to attend to it ... They had the time and attention to spare." 역사적 대조를 통해 현재의 희소성 전환을 illustrate.
▸ Q8 서답형 — "Information Age" 비판의 논리 서답상
Q: Summarize in your own words why the author finds the label "Information Age" both bemusing and annoying. Answer in two complete English sentences (30~50 words).
💡 모범 답안 & 채점 기준 보기
모범 답안 (4~5점)
The label "Information Age" assumes that information is still the key scarce resource, but in fact information is now abundant — making attention the true scarcity. Like "Bronze Age," the label reflects unquestioned assumptions of our time that will likely be overturned.
채점 Key:
- ① information 과잉 / attention 희소 대비 (2점)
- ② 시대 명명의 자의성 / Bronze Age 비유 (1점)
- ③ "assumptions that will be overturned" 함의 (1점)
- ④ 두 문장·문법 (1점)
▸ Q9 저자의 태도 — Vocab 단어장 기반 (tone) MCQ중 📚 Vocab
Which word from the Vocab list BEST describes the author's tone?
- ① pure nostalgia for pre-digital life
- ② retrospective, critically reflective — a profound perception of assumptions hidden in plain sight
- ③ rebellious rejection of all technology
- ④ mockery of Information Age enthusiasts
- ⑤ disillusionment with no constructive alternative
💡 정답 & 해설 보기
정답: ② · Vocab: 31·18·4·14·8·25·3
근거: 저자는 "go a few miles away and look back" 자세 — retrospective(18, 회고적). 일상의 당연한 전제를 새롭게 꿰뚫어 보는 profound perception(4·14). Orwell 인용과 거리두기 전략이 핵심. 조롱·반항이 아닌 성찰적 어조.