[5~6] 공통 지문 The position (meters) of a particle in a straight line is given by the equation \(p(t)=t^3-6t^2+9t\) where the time \(t\,(t\ge0)\) is measured in second.
Find the velocity (m/s) at \(t=4\).
① \(4\)
② \(6\)
③ \(9\)
④ \(12\)
⑤ \(18\)
풀이
속도 함수: \(v(t)=p'(t)=3t^2-12t+9\) 대입: \(v(4)=3(16)-12(4)+9=48-48+9=9\)
정답: ③ \(9\) m/s
Q6.변화율4.3점
[5~6] 공통 지문 The position (meters) of a particle in a straight line is given by the equation \(p(t)=t^3-6t^2+9t\) where the time \(t\,(t\ge0)\) is measured in second.
Find the total distance (meters) traveled by the particle during the first 4 seconds.
① \(4\)
② \(6\)
③ \(9\)
④ \(12\)
⑤ \(18\)
풀이
정지 시각: \(v(t)=3(t-1)(t-3)=0 \Rightarrow t=1,3\) (구간 \([0,4]\) 내) 각 시각의 위치: \(p(0)=0,\;p(1)=4,\;p(3)=0,\;p(4)=4\) 구간별 합: \(|4-0|+|0-4|+|4-0|=4+4+4=12\)
정답: ④ \(12\) m
Q7.변화율4.4점
[7~8] 공통 지문 Suppose the mass of a rod measured from its left end to a point \(x\) is \(f(x)=\sqrt{x}\;(0\le x\le 4)\).
Find the average linear density of the part of the rod given by \(1\le x\le 4\).
① \(\dfrac12\)
② \(\dfrac13\)
③ \(\dfrac14\)
④ \(\dfrac15\)
⑤ \(\dfrac16\)
풀이
평균 선밀도 공식: \(\bar\rho=\dfrac{f(4)-f(1)}{4-1}\) 계산: \(=\dfrac{\sqrt4-\sqrt1}{3}=\dfrac{2-1}{3}=\dfrac13\)
정답: ② \(\dfrac13\)
Q8.변화율4.4점
[7~8] 공통 지문 Suppose the mass of a rod measured from its left end to a point \(x\) is \(f(x)=\sqrt{x}\;(0\le x\le 4)\).
Find the instantaneous linear density of the rod at \(x=4\).
① \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\)
② \(\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt2}\)
③ \(\dfrac{1}{4\sqrt2}\)
④ \(\dfrac12\)
⑤ \(\dfrac14\)
풀이
순간 선밀도 = 도함수: \(\rho(x)=f'(x)=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}\) 대입: \(\rho(4)=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt4}=\dfrac{1}{2\cdot 2}=\dfrac14\)
정답: ⑤ \(\dfrac14\)
Q9.지수성장4.4점
The population of bacteria is 100 when \(t=0\) and 200 when \(t=4\). Assume that the growth rate is proportional to the population size. Find the population of bacteria when \(t=6\).
A bottle of tea of temperature \(20^\circ\)C is placed in a refrigerator where the temperature is \(5^\circ\)C. After an hour the tea has cooled to \(15^\circ\)C. Find the time (hours) for the tea to cool to \(10^\circ\)C. (Use Newton's law of cooling.)
Find the \(x\)-coordinate of the point of inflection of \(y=e^{-\frac{2}{x}}\).
① \(\dfrac1e\)
② \(\dfrac12\)
③ \(1\)
④ \(2\)
⑤ \(e\)
풀이
1차 도함수: \(y'=e^{-2/x}\cdot\dfrac{2}{x^2}\) 2차 도함수: \(y''=e^{-2/x}\cdot\dfrac{2}{x^2}\cdot\dfrac{2}{x^2}+e^{-2/x}\cdot\left(-\dfrac{4}{x^3}\right)=\dfrac{4e^{-2/x}}{x^4}\,(1-x)\) 부호 변화: \(1-x\)가 \(x=1\)에서 부호 변화 → 변곡점 \(x=1\)
정답: ③ \(1\)
Q15.도함수·그래프4.6점
Choose every true statement in the box below. Ⓐ \(f(x)=|x|\) has its local minimum at \(x=0\). Ⓑ \(x=0\) is a critical number of \(f(x)=x^3\). Ⓒ \(f(x)=3x-4\sin x\) has its local minimum at \(x=\arccos\!\left(\dfrac34\right)\).
Choose every true statement in the box below. Ⓐ The graph of \(y=e^{x}\) is concave upward on the interval \([0,1]\). Ⓑ The graph of \(y=xe^{-x}\) has an inflection point at \(x=2\). Ⓒ The graph of \(y=xe^{-x^2}\) is concave upward on the interval \([0,1]\).
① Ⓐ only
② Ⓐ and Ⓑ only
③ Ⓐ and Ⓒ only
④ Ⓑ and Ⓒ only
⑤ Ⓐ, Ⓑ and Ⓒ
풀이
Ⓐ: \(y''=e^x>0\) (모든 \(x\)) → \([0,1]\)에서 오목 위 참 Ⓑ: \(y'=e^{-x}(1-x),\;y''=e^{-x}(x-2)\) → \(x=2\)에서 부호 변화 → 변곡점 참 Ⓒ: \(y''=2x e^{-x^2}(2x^2-3)\). \(x\in(0,1]\)에서 \(2x^2-3<0,\;2x>0 \Rightarrow y''<0\) (오목 아래) → 거짓
정답: ② Ⓐ and Ⓑ only
Q17.관련변화율4.7점
A ladder of \(5\,\mathrm m\) long rests against a vertical wall. The bottom of the ladder slides away horizontally from the bottom of the wall at a rate of \(1\,\mathrm{m/s}\). Find the speed (m/s) of the top of the ladder as it slides down the wall, when the bottom of the ladder is \(3\,\mathrm m\) from the bottom of the wall. (The speed is the absolute value of the velocity.)
① \(\dfrac34\)
② \(\dfrac43\)
③ \(\dfrac35\)
④ \(\dfrac45\)
⑤ \(\dfrac54\)
풀이
관계식: \(x^2+y^2=25\). \(x=3 \Rightarrow y=4\) 미분: \(2x\dfrac{dx}{dt}+2y\dfrac{dy}{dt}=0 \Rightarrow 3(1)+4\dfrac{dy}{dt}=0\) 풀이: \(\dfrac{dy}{dt}=-\dfrac34\), 속도 \(=\dfrac34\) m/s
정답: ① \(\dfrac34\)
Q18.관련변화율4.8점
A boat is pulled into a dock by a rope attached to the bow of the boat and passing through a pulley on the dock that is \(3\,\mathrm m\) higher than the bow of the boat. The rope is pulled in at a rate of \(1\,\mathrm{m/s}\). Find the speed (m/s) of the boat as it approaches the dock, when it is \(4\,\mathrm m\) horizontally away from the dock. (The speed is the absolute value of the velocity.)
① \(\dfrac34\)
② \(\dfrac43\)
③ \(\dfrac35\)
④ \(\dfrac45\)
⑤ \(\dfrac54\)
풀이
관계식: 밧줄 길이 \(L=\sqrt{x^2+9}\). \(x=4 \Rightarrow L=5\), \(\dfrac{dL}{dt}=-1\) 미분: \(\dfrac{dL}{dt}=\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+9}}\dfrac{dx}{dt} \Rightarrow -1=\dfrac45\dfrac{dx}{dt}\) 풀이: \(\dfrac{dx}{dt}=-\dfrac54\), 속도 \(=\dfrac54\) m/s
정답: ⑤ \(\dfrac54\)
Q19.관련변화율4.8점
If two resistors with resistance \(R_1\) and \(R_2\) are connected in parallel, then the total resistance \(R\), measured in ohms, is given by \(\dfrac{1}{R}=\dfrac{1}{R_1}+\dfrac{1}{R_2}\). \(R_1\) and \(R_2\) are increasing at rates of \(3\) ohm/s and \(6\) ohm/s, respectively. Find the rate (ohm/s) of change of \(R\) when \(R_1\) is \(3\) ohms and \(R_2\) is \(6\) ohms.
① \(1\)
② \(2\)
③ \(3\)
④ \(4\)
⑤ \(5\)
풀이
R 값: \(\dfrac1R=\dfrac13+\dfrac16=\dfrac12 \Rightarrow R=2\) 미분: \(-\dfrac{1}{R^2}\dfrac{dR}{dt}=-\dfrac{1}{R_1^2}\dfrac{dR_1}{dt}-\dfrac{1}{R_2^2}\dfrac{dR_2}{dt}\) 대입: \(\dfrac{dR}{dt}=R^2\!\left(\dfrac{3}{9}+\dfrac{6}{36}\right)=4\left(\dfrac13+\dfrac16\right)=4\cdot\dfrac12=2\)
정답: ② \(2\)
Q20.관련변화율4.9점
Two carts, A and B, are connected by a rope \(77\,\mathrm m\) long that passes over a pulley P. The point Q is on the floor \(20\,\mathrm m\) directly beneath P and between the carts. Cart A is being pulled away from Q horizontally at a speed of \(1\,\mathrm{m/s}\). Find the speed of cart B moving toward Q horizontally at the instant when cart A is \(15\,\mathrm m\) from Q. (The speed is the absolute value of the velocity.)
① \(\dfrac{12}{9}\)
② \(\dfrac{13}{15}\)
③ \(\dfrac{13}{20}\)
④ \(\dfrac{36}{75}\)
⑤ \(\dfrac{48}{75}\)
풀이
관계식: \(a\)=A–Q, \(b\)=B–Q 거리. \(\sqrt{a^2+400}+\sqrt{b^2+400}=77\) 순간 값: \(a=15 \Rightarrow \sqrt{225+400}=25\), 따라서 \(\sqrt{b^2+400}=52 \Rightarrow b=48\) 미분: \(\dfrac{a}{\sqrt{a^2+400}}\dfrac{da}{dt}+\dfrac{b}{\sqrt{b^2+400}}\dfrac{db}{dt}=0\) 풀이: \(\dfrac{15}{25}(1)+\dfrac{48}{52}\dfrac{db}{dt}=0 \Rightarrow \dfrac{db}{dt}=-\dfrac{0.6\cdot52}{48}=-\dfrac{13}{20}\), 속도 \(=\dfrac{13}{20}\)
정답: ③ \(\dfrac{13}{20}\)
Q21.관련변화율5.0점
A car is traveling at a constant speed of \(10\,\mathrm{m/s}\) along a highway shaped like a parabola with its vertex at the origin O and passes the point P where \(100\,\mathrm m\) east and \(100\,\mathrm m\) north of the origin. Let L be the distance between O and the car. Find \(\dfrac{dL}{dt}\) (m/s) when the car passes the point P.
① \(3\sqrt5\)
② \(3\sqrt{10}\)
③ \(5\sqrt{10}\)
④ \(15\)
⑤ \(15\sqrt5\)
풀이
포물선식: \(y=ax^2\), \((100,100)\) 대입 \(\Rightarrow a=\dfrac{1}{100}\), \(y=\dfrac{x^2}{100}\) 속도 조건: \(y'=\dfrac{x}{50}\dfrac{dx}{dt}\). P에서 \(\dfrac{dy}{dt}=2\dfrac{dx}{dt}\), 속력 \(\sqrt5\left|\dfrac{dx}{dt}\right|=10 \Rightarrow \dfrac{dx}{dt}=2\sqrt5,\;\dfrac{dy}{dt}=4\sqrt5\) 거리 미분: \(L=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}=100\sqrt2\), \(\dfrac{dL}{dt}=\dfrac{x\frac{dx}{dt}+y\frac{dy}{dt}}{L}=\dfrac{100(2\sqrt5)+100(4\sqrt5)}{100\sqrt2}=\dfrac{6\sqrt5}{\sqrt2}=3\sqrt{10}\)
정답: ② \(3\sqrt{10}\)
Q22.최적화5.1점
Find the \(y\)-coordinate of the point on the graph of the hyperbola \(\dfrac{x^2}{25}-\dfrac{y^2}{16}=1\;(x>0)\) that is closest to the point \(\left(0,\dfrac{123}{5}\right)\).
① \(\dfrac{48}{5}\)
② \(\dfrac{49}{5}\)
③ \(\dfrac{51}{5}\)
④ \(\dfrac{52}{5}\)
⑤ \(\dfrac{53}{5}\)
풀이
거리² 함수: 점 \((x,y)\)에서 \(x^2=25\!\left(1+\dfrac{y^2}{16}\right)\). \(D^2=x^2+\left(y-\tfrac{123}{5}\right)^2=25+\dfrac{25y^2}{16}+\left(y-\tfrac{123}{5}\right)^2\) y에 대해 최소화: \(D^2=\dfrac{41}{16}y^2-\dfrac{246}{5}y+\text{const}\) (아래로 볼록). \(\dfrac{d(D^2)}{dy}=\dfrac{41}{8}y-\dfrac{246}{5}=0\) 풀이: \(y=\dfrac{246}{5}\cdot\dfrac{8}{41}=\dfrac{48}{5}\) (이때 \(x^2=25+144=169,\;x=13>0\) ✓)
정답: ① \(\dfrac{48}{5}\)
정답표
번호
배점
유형
정답
1
4.2
쌍곡선함수
① 7/24
2
4.2
쌍곡선함수
⑤ ln3
3
4.2
쌍곡선함수
④ 16/25
4
4.3
선형근사
② 0.15
5
4.3
변화율
③ 9
6
4.3
변화율
④ 12
7
4.4
변화율
② 1/3
8
4.4
변화율
⑤ 1/4
9
4.4
지수성장
④ 200√2
10
4.5
지수성장
① ln3/(ln3−ln2)
11
4.5
로피탈
③ 2
12
4.5
로피탈
⑤ e²
13
4.6
평균값정리
④ −ln(ln2)/ln2
14
4.6
도함수·그래프
③ 1
15
4.6
도함수·그래프
⑤ Ⓐ,Ⓑ,Ⓒ
16
4.7
도함수·그래프
② Ⓐ and Ⓑ
17
4.7
관련변화율
① 3/4
18
4.8
관련변화율
⑤ 5/4
19
4.8
관련변화율
② 2
20
4.9
관련변화율
③ 13/20
21
5.0
관련변화율
② 3√10
22
5.1
최적화
① 48/5
출제 패턴 핵심 요약
난이도 설계: 4.2점 → 5.1점으로 문항이 뒤로 갈수록 배점이 점진 증가
관련 변화율 최고 비중: §3.9 (17~21) 5문항 24.2점 — 사다리·보트·저항·카트·포물선