The position (meters) of a particle moving in a straight line is \(p(t)=t^3-9t^2+24t\), where \(t\,(t\ge0)\) is measured in seconds. Find the velocity (m/s) at \(t=3\).
① \(0\)
② \(3\)
③ \(-6\)
④ \(6\)
⑤ \(-3\)
풀이
속도 함수: \(v(t)=p'(t)=3t^2-18t+24=3(t-2)(t-4)\).
대입: \(v(3)=3(3-2)(3-4)=3(1)(-1)=-3\).
정답: ⑤ \(-3\) m/s
Q6.변화율4.3점
For the same particle \(p(t)=t^3-9t^2+24t\), find the total distance (meters) traveled during the first 5 seconds.
① \(20\)
② \(24\)
③ \(28\)
④ \(32\)
⑤ \(36\)
풀이
정지 시각: \(v(t)=3(t-2)(t-4)=0 \Rightarrow t=2,\,4\) (구간 \([0,5]\) 내).
각 시각의 위치: \(p(0)=0,\;p(2)=20,\;p(4)=16,\;p(5)=20\).
구간별 합: \(|20-0|+|16-20|+|20-16|=20+4+4=28\).
정답: ③ \(28\) m
Q7.변화율4.4점
The mass (kg) of a rod measured from its left end to a point \(x\) is \(f(x)=x^{3/2}\;(0\le x\le 4)\), \(x\) in meters. Find the average linear density of the part of the rod given by \(1\le x\le 4\).
① \(\dfrac{5}{3}\)
② \(2\)
③ \(3\)
④ \(\dfrac{7}{3}\)
⑤ \(\dfrac{8}{3}\)
풀이
평균 선밀도 공식: \(\bar\rho=\dfrac{f(4)-f(1)}{4-1}\).
\(=\dfrac{4^{3/2}-1^{3/2}}{3}=\dfrac{8-1}{3}=\dfrac{7}{3}\).
정답: ④ \(\dfrac{7}{3}\) kg/m
Q8.변화율4.4점
For the same rod \(f(x)=x^{3/2}\), find the instantaneous linear density at \(x=4\).
① \(2\)
② \(\dfrac{5}{2}\)
③ \(4\)
④ \(\dfrac{7}{2}\)
⑤ \(3\)
풀이
순간 선밀도 = 도함수: \(\rho(x)=f'(x)=\dfrac32 x^{1/2}\).
대입: \(\rho(4)=\dfrac32\sqrt{4}=\dfrac32\cdot2=3\).
정답: ⑤ \(3\) kg/m
Q9.지수 성장4.4점
A bacteria culture has 500 cells when \(t=0\) and 1500 cells when \(t=2\) (hours). Assume the growth rate is proportional to the population size. Find the number of cells when \(t=6\).
An object of temperature \(100^\circ\)C is placed in a room kept at \(20^\circ\)C. After 10 minutes it has cooled to \(60^\circ\)C. Using Newton's law of cooling, find the time (minutes) for it to cool to \(40^\circ\)C.
Find the positive \(x\)-coordinate of a point of inflection of \(y=e^{-x^2}\).
① \(\dfrac12\)
② \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\)
③ \(1\)
④ \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt3}\)
⑤ \(2\)
풀이
1차 도함수: \(y'=-2x\,e^{-x^2}\).
2차 도함수: \(y''=e^{-x^2}(4x^2-2)\).
부호 변화: \(4x^2-2=0 \Rightarrow x^2=\dfrac12 \Rightarrow x=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\) 에서 부호 변화.
정답: ② \(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\)
Q15.그래프 개형4.6점
Choose every true statement.
Ⓐ \(f(x)=x^4\) has a local minimum at \(x=0\).
Ⓑ \(x=0\) is a critical number of \(f(x)=\sqrt[3]{x}\).
Ⓒ \(f(x)=x+2\cos x\) has a local minimum at \(x=\dfrac{\pi}{6}\).
① Ⓐ only
② Ⓑ and Ⓒ only
③ Ⓐ and Ⓒ only
④ Ⓐ and Ⓑ only
⑤ Ⓐ, Ⓑ and Ⓒ
풀이
Ⓐ \(f'(x)=4x^3\) 가 \(x=0\)에서 음→양 → 극소. 참.
Ⓑ \(f'(x)=\dfrac13 x^{-2/3}\) 는 \(x=0\)에서 정의되지 않음 → 임계점. 참.
Ⓒ \(f'(x)=1-2\sin x=0 \Rightarrow x=\tfrac{\pi}{6}\). \(f''(\tfrac\pi6)=-\sqrt3<0\) → 극대. 따라서 "극소" 명제는 거짓.
정답: ④ Ⓐ and Ⓑ only
Q16.그래프 개형4.7점
Choose every true statement.
Ⓐ The graph of \(y=\ln x\) is concave downward on \((0,\infty)\).
Ⓑ The graph of \(y=x^4\) has an inflection point at \(x=0\).
Ⓒ The graph of \(y=xe^{x}\) is concave upward on the interval \([-1,\infty)\).
A ladder \(13\,\mathrm m\) long rests against a vertical wall. The bottom of the ladder slides away horizontally from the wall at \(2\,\mathrm{m/s}\). Find the speed (m/s) at which the top slides down when the bottom is \(5\,\mathrm m\) from the wall. (Speed is the absolute value of velocity.)
Air is pumped into a spherical balloon at a rate of \(100\,\mathrm{cm^3/s}\). Find the rate (cm/s) at which the radius increases when the radius is \(5\,\mathrm{cm}\). \(\left(V=\dfrac43\pi r^3\right)\)
A person \(2\,\mathrm m\) tall walks away from a \(6\,\mathrm m\) tall lamppost at \(1.5\,\mathrm{m/s}\). Find the rate (m/s) at which the tip of the person's shadow moves along the ground.
Water drains from an inverted cone-shaped tank (height \(6\,\mathrm m\), top radius \(3\,\mathrm m\)) at \(2\,\mathrm{m^3/min}\). Find the rate (m/min) at which the water level drops when the depth is \(4\,\mathrm m\).
A balloon rises vertically at \(2\,\mathrm{m/s}\). An observer stands \(50\,\mathrm m\) from the launch point. Find the rate (rad/s) of change of the angle of elevation from the observer to the balloon when the balloon is \(50\,\mathrm m\) high.
A rectangle has its base on the \(x\)-axis and its two upper vertices on the parabola \(y=12-x^2\). Find the largest possible area of such a rectangle.
① \(16\)
② \(24\)
③ \(48\)
④ \(32\)
⑤ \(64\)
풀이
넓이 함수: 윗변 두 꼭짓점 \((\pm x,\,12-x^2)\), 가로 \(2x\), 세로 \(12-x^2\). \(A(x)=2x(12-x^2)=24x-2x^3\) (\(0<x<\sqrt{12}\)).
임계점: \(A'(x)=24-6x^2=0 \Rightarrow x^2=4 \Rightarrow x=2\). \(A''(x)=-12x<0\) → 최대.
최대 넓이: \(A(2)=2(2)\left(12-4\right)=4\cdot8=32\).