심화영어독해 중간 — 실전 모의고사

PART I

선택형 20문항 (60점)

문항별 배점 표시 · 5지선다

[A1. AI labels (EU rules)]

1In the article on EU AI labels, what is the PRIMARY purpose of Henna Virkkunen’s comments at the end?3.0점

① To argue that AI brings no real benefits to Europe and only creates new risks

② To announce that enforcement of the AI Act has been postponed until after 2 August

③ To show the EU’s view that the AI Act balances innovation and public protection

④ To criticise Meta for refusing to sign the EU code of practice on AI labels

⑤ To admit that Europe was surprised by the new scale of risks from advanced AI models

2Under the EU rules, which of the following is CORRECT about synthetic content designed to look truthful?3.0점

① It must be visibly marked as AI-generated and contain a digital watermark.

② It needs only an invisible digital watermark, not a visible AI-generated label.

③ Only AI-generated text is covered by the rules, not images, video or audio.

④ The fine for failing to label it is a fixed €3m for every company.

⑤ It may be labelled only with the EU executive’s official black-and-white design.

3Which of the following is NOT true about the exceptions to the EU labelling rules, according to the article?2.8점

① Users’ personal content is not covered by the labelling rules.

② Works that are “evidently artistic” are exempt from labelling.

③ Satirical works are exempt from the labelling rules.

④ Public-interest AI texts with no human editor are exempt.

⑤ Fictional works are also exempt from the labelling rules.

4Which BEST explains why De Champris expects the most visible change for the public to happen outside social media?3.2점

① Social media will be exempt from the new rules, so its AI content will carry no labels at all.

② Social media already labels most AI content, unlike advertising, film and publishing.

③ Advertising, film and publishing do not use AI at all, so labels there will be a surprise.

④ Film and publishing companies are experts in AI regulation and will label content quickly.

⑤ Users have asked social media platforms for more labels, so platforms will add them first.

5Which of the following is CORRECT according to the article on EU AI labels?2.0점

① Google launched SynthID in 2024 to let users check whether an image is AI-generated.

② Meta launched policies in 2019 to help people identify AI-generated photo-realistic images.

③ TikTok says it does not require creators to label realistic AI-generated images or video.

④ The labels created by the EU executive are in full colour, and every company must use them unchanged.

⑤ Research shows AI-generated doctors winning millions of TikTok views with dubious health advice.

6What does Markus Reinisch’s statement BEST suggest about Meta’s position?3.0점

① Meta backs the code but warns that a growing array of labels could overwhelm people.

② Meta refuses to take part in the EU’s code of practice because it opposes any labels.

③ Meta wants every piece of online content to carry several different labels and disclosures.

④ Meta denies that AI-generated content exists on Facebook or Instagram at all.

⑤ Meta believes users want as many disclosures as possible, whatever the regulatory cost.

[A2. Personal taste & algorithms]

7Why does the author of the personal taste article discuss the trend surrounding Carolyn Bessette Kennedy? Choose the BEST answer.4.0점

① To recommend her neutral, pared-back style as the most authentic fashion choice for readers

② To praise Marks & Spencer for its creative “90s edit” marketing with a lookalike

③ To show that e-commerce algorithms now demand more scouring and imagination from shoppers

④ To show how far we have drifted into copying a real person’s style literally

⑤ To prove that fashion trends such as CBK-core are disruptive and risky for wearers

8Which of the following is CORRECT about the thinkers on taste cited in the personal taste article?3.0점

① Pierre Bourdieu’s Distinction, a work on the social side of taste, was published in 2012.

② Susan Sontag wrote that taste “governs every free – as opposed to rote – human response.”

③ Sontag argued in Notes on Camp that taste applies only to clothing and food.

④ Nathalie Olah wrote the book Filterworld about the politics of taste in the 2010s.

⑤ Bourdieu argued that taste has no social element and is purely individual.

9The novelist Nicola Dinan writes about feeling like “a driverless car” when it comes to her cultural consumption. What does this image BEST suggest?3.2점

① People now travel more, by car or plane, to discover new culture.

② People actively hunt for culture on their own, as Lara and the author once did.

③ AI makes better cultural choices than humans do, so we should let it drive.

④ Algorithms give users full control over what they see and consume.

⑤ People consume culture passively, without steering their own choices.

10Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of tech figures or companies trying to associate themselves with good taste?3.0점

① Palantir releasing a blue chore jacket

② Anthropic producing caps embroidered with the word “thinking”

③ Google opening a vintage clothing stall at Portobello Road market

④ OpenAI’s merch including football shirts and graphic hoodies

⑤ Jeff Bezos and his wife paying a reported $10m to be honorary chairs of the Met Gala

11In the phrase “a thirst for idiosyncratic, un-optimised, genuinely human preferences,” the word “idiosyncratic” is closest in meaning to2.0점

① widely shared by everyone

② algorithmically selected

③ expensive and luxurious

④ outdated and old-fashioned

⑤ peculiar to an individual

12Which BEST states the author’s final conclusion about personal taste?2.8점

① Smarter shopping at vintage markets is the key to developing good personal taste.

② AI can do the quiet contemplation that taste requires, so we no longer need to.

③ Taste needs quiet contemplation and creative thinking, which big tech actively discourages.

④ Taste is fixed early in life by class and background and cannot be changed later.

⑤ The market trip left the author feeling hopeless about the future of personal taste.

13According to Carmen Vicente, what BEST explains the motivation behind tech companies’ taste-washing?4.0점

① Fear of losing power as social media use declines

② A genuine love of fashion and art among tech bosses

③ A plan to help users leave algorithm-driven platforms

④ New EU laws that require companies to show good taste

⑤ Rapidly growing time spent on social media

[문법 (지문 교차)]

14Which sentence contains a grammatical error involving relative clauses?3.2점

① Google launched a tool called SynthID in 2023, which enables users to check if an image is AI-generated.

② Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, has signed a voluntary code of practice.

③ Helena, whose offline fashion inspiration is her dad, is a 25-year-old stylist.

④ Erin Wylie co-founded Blackbird Spyplane, that is a cult style newsletter, with her partner.

⑤ McGinnis, who has been researching Fomo and Fobo over several years, argues that Fobo is not necessarily a new human behaviour.

[A3. Fobo]

15Which BEST explains why McGinnis says that Fobo is driven by narcissism?3.0점

① People with Fobo enjoy looking at photos of themselves and their lives online.

② A person with Fobo puts their own interests first, leaving everyone around them on hold.

③ People with Fobo constantly compare their lives with others’ lives on social media.

④ Narcissists have fewer options than other people, so they cannot choose easily.

⑤ Fobo is caused by conditions such as ADHD and autism, in which executive functions are impaired.

16Which of the following is CORRECT according to the Fobo article?3.0점

① People with conditions such as ADHD and autism never struggle to choose between options, the article says.

② Nicky Lidbetter is a US venture capitalist who coined the terms Fomo and Fobo.

③ Decision-making is described as a simple mental process that uses only one brain function.

④ Lidbetter sees Fobo as more likely linked to existing anxiety than a disorder in itself.

⑤ Executive functions include only planning, not the managing of impulses.

17Which of the following is NOT stated about McGinnis’s experience at Harvard?3.0점

① He found the amount of opportunities extremely overwhelming.

② He quickly chose one activity and committed to it fully.

③ He wanted to do everything, which he calls Fomo.

④ He was unwilling to say no to anything and just choose one thing, which he calls Fobo.

⑤ He would wait until the last minute to see if a better option came along.

18In the sentence “I bail at the last minute, all the time,” the word “bail” is closest in meaning to2.0점

① pay money to release someone

② arrive early

③ argue loudly

④ decide firmly

⑤ back out of a plan

19Which BEST explains why McGinnis says “a little Fomo is fine” but “Fobo is not good”?4.0점

① Fomo always leads to firm commitment, while Fobo leads to holidays in Malta.

② Fobo helps people decide faster than Fomo, so it is the healthier feeling.

③ Fomo can be a cue to try something new, while Fobo is a destructive behaviour.

④ Both are equally harmless parts of personality, as O’Donaghue and Hall say.

⑤ Fomo is an anxiety disorder in its own right, while Fobo is not.

20What is the PRIMARY purpose of the paragraphs about maximisers and satisficers in the Fobo article?2.8점

① To give a psychological foundation for the behaviour behind Fobo

② To argue that satisficers are lazy decision-makers with low standards

③ To prove that technology has no effect on how we make decisions

④ To introduce the Brexit example of MPs waiting for a better option

⑤ To show that maximisers are happier with their choices in the end

ANSWERS

정답 · 해설 · 채점기준

풀고 난 뒤에 펼치기 (인쇄 시 자동 표시)

🔑 정답·해설·채점기준 펼치기 / 접기

번호	지문	유형	배점	정답	해설 · 근거
1	A1	요지·목적	3.0	③	Virkkunen 은 AI 를 큰 이익과 새로운 규모의 위험을 함께 지닌 변혁적 기술로 보고, AI Act 가 혁신가에게 법적 확실성을 주면서 공익을 보호하는 ‘위험 기반’ 틀이라고 정리한다. “With the AI Act, we established a clear, risk-based and durable framework for trustworthy AI — one that gives innovators legal certainty while protecting the public interest.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 반대 — ‘extraordinary benefits’ 를 언급.“could bring “extraordinary benefits”” ② 오답 8월 2일부터 집행 시작.“The transparency rules are part of broader enforcement of the AI Act, starting from 2 August.” ③ 정답 혁신가에게 법적 확실성 + 공익 보호.“one that gives innovators legal certainty while protecting the public interest” ④ 오답 원문 미언급 — Meta 는 서명 의사를 밝혔다.“Announcing Meta’s intention to sign the EU code of practice” ⑤ 오답 반대 — 유럽은 이를 예상했다.“Europe anticipated this development.”
2	A1	세부일치 (CORRECT)	3.0	①	기술 조치 = 가시적 AI 표시 + 인공적 기원을 보여 주는 디지털 워터마크. 노트 질문 ‘what additional technological measure is required?’ 의 답. “synthetic text, images, video and audio designed to look truthful must be visibly marked as AI-generated and contain a digital watermark to show the artificial origins of the content” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 정답 원문 일치.“must be visibly marked as AI-generated and contain a digital watermark to show the artificial origins of the content” ② 오답 가시적 표시 + 워터마크 둘 다.“must be visibly marked as AI-generated and contain a digital watermark” ③ 오답 텍스트·이미지·영상·음성 모두.“synthetic text, images, video and audio designed to look truthful” ④ 오답 최대 €15m 또는 전 세계 매출 3%.“fines of up to €15m (£12.8) or 3% of a company’s worldwide global turnover” ⑤ 오답 기업 자체 디자인 가능.“although companies can design their own”
3	A1	불일치 (NOT)	2.8	④	예외 = 개인 콘텐츠 + ‘evidently artistic’·풍자·허구 작품. 사람의 편집 감독 없는 공익 텍스트는 오히려 라벨을 붙여야 한다. “The rules will not apply to users’ personal content and there is an exemption for “evidently artistic”, satirical and fictional works.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 — 원문 일치 적용 제외.“The rules will not apply to users’ personal content” ② 오답 — 원문 일치 예외.“there is an exemption for “evidently artistic”, satirical and fictional works” ③ 오답 — 원문 일치 예외.“there is an exemption for “evidently artistic”, satirical and fictional works” ④ 정답 — 원문과 다름 예외가 아니라 라벨 ‘대상’ — 사람의 편집 감독(human editorial oversight)이 없으면 AI 제작 표시를 해야 한다.“Texts on matters of public interest must also be labelled as AI-made if there is no human editorial oversight.” ⑤ 오답 — 원문 일치 예외.“there is an exemption for “evidently artistic”, satirical and fictional works”
4	A1	추론 (BEST explains)	3.2	②	소셜미디어는 이미 대부분의 AI 콘텐츠에 라벨을 붙이고 있으므로, 사람들이 AI 사용을 모르는 광고·영화·출판 분야에서 라벨이 훨씬 많이 늘 것이라는 예측. “He thinks the most visible change for the public will not be on social media, which “already labels most AI content” but “in areas where AI is already used at scale but people don’t know it – advertising, film, publishing”.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 원문 미언급 — 이유는 ‘이미 라벨을 붙이고 있어서’.“which “already labels most AI content”” ② 정답 그의 설명 그대로.“in areas where AI is already used at scale but people don’t know it – advertising, film, publishing” ③ 오답 반대 — 이미 대규모로 사용.“in areas where AI is already used at scale but people don’t know it” ④ 오답 부담은 AI 규제에 가장 덜 익숙한 쪽에 가장 크게.“the burden will fall hardest on those least versed in AI regulation” ⑤ 오답 원문 미언급 — 그는 오히려 라벨 과잉을 우려.“Like cookie banners, once labels are everywhere, users stop noticing them.”
5	A1	세부일치 (CORRECT)	2.0	⑤	TikTok 이 라벨 정책을 갖고 있음에도, AI 로 만든 ‘의사’가 의심스러운 건강 조언으로 수백만 조회수를 얻고 있다는 연구 결과가 ‘However’ 로 TikTok 의 라벨 정책과 대비되어 제시된다. “However, recent research has shown that AI-generated doctors are gaining millions of views on TikTok by spreading dubious health advice.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 2023년.“Google launched a tool called SynthID in 2023” ② 오답 2024년.“Meta launched policies in 2024 to help people identify AI-generated photo-realistic images.” ③ 오답 반대 — 라벨을 요구한다.“TikTok, for example, says it requires creators to label realistic AI-generated images, audio and video” ④ 오답 흑백 라벨이며, 기업은 자체 디자인도 할 수 있다.“The EU executive has created black-and-white labels anyone can use” ⑤ 정답 원문 일치.“recent research has shown that AI-generated doctors are gaining millions of views on TikTok by spreading dubious health advice”
6	A1	추론 (BEST explains)	3.0	①	Reinisch 는 Meta 의 서명 의사를 밝히면서도, 서로 다른 라벨과 고지가 늘어나 사람들을 압도하고 제공자의 규제 복잡성을 키우는 상황을 피해야 한다고 말한다. “We must avoid a situation where online content is subject to a growing array of different labels and disclosures that end up overwhelming people, while at the same time adding additional regulatory complexity for providers.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 정답 서명 + 우려를 함께 표명.“a growing array of different labels and disclosures that end up overwhelming people, while at the same time adding additional regulatory complexity for providers” ② 오답 반대 — 서명 의사를 발표하며 한 말.“Announcing Meta’s intention to sign the EU code of practice” ③ 오답 반대 — 라벨이 늘어나는 상황을 피해야 한다.“We must avoid a situation where online content is subject to a growing array of different labels and disclosures” ④ 오답 원문 미언급 — Meta 는 AI 이미지 식별 정책을 내놓았다.“Meta launched policies in 2024 to help people identify AI-generated photo-realistic images.” ⑤ 오답 반대 — 공개(disclosure)가 사람들을 압도할 수 있다.“a growing array of different labels and disclosures that end up overwhelming people”
7	A2	추론 (BEST explains)	4.0	④	실존 인물을 중심에 둔 이 유행은 우리가 얼마나 ‘청소년식 베끼기’로 흘러왔는지를 드러낸다. 친구 Carole Radziwill 의 말(‘가장 진정성 있게 느껴지는 것을 하고 입어라’)이 대안으로 제시된다. “Yet the fact this particular trend had an actual person at its centre highlights how far into adolescent copy catting we have drifted” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 반대 — 친구 Radziwill: 따라 하는 게 요점이 아니다.“The takeaway is not to mimic her style.” ② 오답 원문 미언급 — M&S 는 ‘가장 문자 그대로의’ 모방 사례로 나온다.“how to imitate her dress sense in the most literal way imaginable” ③ 오답 반대 — 이제는 탐색도 상상도 필요 없다.“Except nowadays no scouring or imagination is required” ④ 정답 필자의 해석 그대로.“highlights how far into adolescent copy catting we have drifted” ⑤ 오답 반대 — 기저는 ‘비파격적 단조로움’.“while maintaining a baseline of nondisruptive monotony”
8	A2	세부일치 (CORRECT)	3.0	②	Sontag(1964, Notes on Camp)은 취향이 모든 자유로운(기계적이지 않은) 인간 반응을 지배한다고 썼다. 인물–책–연도 짝을 정확히 외울 것: Bourdieu 1979 Distinction / Perry 2012 / Olah Bad Taste / Chayka 2024 Filterworld. “Taste, Sontag writes, “governs every free – as opposed to rote – human response”.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 1979년 작. 2012년은 Grayson Perry 의 태피스트리.“Pierre Bourdieu in his 1979 work” ② 정답 원문 일치.“Taste, Sontag writes, “governs every free – as opposed to rote – human response”.” ③ 오답 반대 — 사람·시각·감정·생각까지 포괄.“There’s taste in people, visual taste, taste in emotion” ④ 오답 Olah 의 책은 Bad Taste. Filterworld 는 Chayka.“Nathalie Olah’s book Bad Taste examines the politics of taste in the 2010s.” ⑤ 오답 반대 — 강한 사회적 요소가 그의 주장.“There is also a strong social element”
9	A2	추론 (BEST explains)	3.2	⑤	‘운전자 없는 차’는 내가 방향을 정하지 않는 문화 소비를 뜻한다. Gamble 의 말(무엇을 좋아할지 늘 듣기만 한다)과 이어지고, 후반부에서 이 차가 ‘AI 늪’으로 향한다고 확장된다. “In her chapter, the novelist Nicola Dinan writes about feeling like “a driverless car” when it comes to her cultural consumption in today’s landscape.” “we’re always being told what to like and what not to like rather than being able to seek it out for ourselves” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 문자 그대로 해석한 함정.“feeling like “a driverless car” when it comes to her cultural consumption” ② 오답 반대 — 스스로 찾지 못하고 무엇을 좋아할지 듣는다.“rather than being able to seek it out for ourselves” ③ 오답 원문 미언급 — 오히려 그 차는 AI 늪으로 향한다.“it’s heading straight for the nearest AI swamp” ④ 오답 반대.“We no longer choose what we want to consume; we take what we’re given.” ⑤ 정답 운전자 없는 차 = 내가 조종하지 않는 소비.“we’re always being told what to like and what not to like rather than being able to seek it out for ourselves”
10	A2	불일치 (NOT)	3.0	③	Palantir 재킷, Anthropic 모자, OpenAI 굿즈, Bezos 의 Met Gala, Zuckerberg 의 Prada 쇼 참석이 ‘taste-washing’ 의 예. Google 의 빈티지 노점은 지문에 없다. “Tech companies are increasingly attempting to align themselves with current ideas of good taste” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 — 원문 일치 원문 일치.“the spy tech firm Palantir released a blue chore jacket” ② 오답 — 원문 일치 원문 일치.“the AI company Anthropic produced caps embroidered with the word “thinking”” ③ 정답 — 원문과 다름 원문 미언급 — Portobello 에는 상인 Kerry·Pip 등 개인만 등장.“Tech companies are increasingly attempting to align themselves with current ideas of good taste” ④ 오답 — 원문 일치 원문 일치.“OpenAI’s merch includes football shirts and hipster-coded graphic hoodies” ⑤ 오답 — 원문 일치 원문 일치.“pay a reported $10m to serve as “honorary chairs””
11	A2	어휘 문맥의미	2.0	⑤	‘무작위하고 예측 불가능할수록 좋다’는 인터뷰 형식(Love/Hate Lists, Perfectly Imperfect)이 채우는 갈증 → 개인 특유의, 최적화되지 않은 인간적 선호. “the more random and unpredictable, the better” “a thirst for idiosyncratic, un-optimised, genuinely human preferences” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 반대 — ‘무작위·예측 불가일수록 좋다’는 문맥.“the more random and unpredictable, the better” ② 오답 반대 — 바로 옆 un-optimised.“a thirst for idiosyncratic, un-optimised, genuinely human preferences” ③ 오답 문맥과 무관.“a thirst for idiosyncratic, un-optimised, genuinely human preferences” ④ 오답 문맥과 무관.“a thirst for idiosyncratic, un-optimised, genuinely human preferences” ⑤ 정답 개인 특유의, 별난 — random·unpredictable 과 호응.“a thirst for idiosyncratic, un-optimised, genuinely human preferences”
12	A2	요지·목적	2.8	③	필자는 취향이 ‘상상력의 도약’이며 지름길이 없고, 빅테크가 적극적으로 막는 조용한 사색과 창의적 사고를 요구한다고 결론짓는다. “There are no shortcuts or quick fixes: personal taste is something that requires the kind of quiet contemplation and creative thinking big tech is actively discouraging.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 쇼핑은 답이 아니다.“Shopping is obviously not the answer” ② 오답 Vicente 의 농담일 뿐 — 필자의 결론과 반대.“Sitting with thoughts: lame; AI can do that,” jokes Vicente.” ③ 정답 결론 그대로.“There are no shortcuts or quick fixes: personal taste is something that requires the kind of quiet contemplation and creative thinking big tech is actively discouraging.” ④ 오답 원문 미언급 — 오히려 점차 익숙해지는(attuning) 과정.“gradually attuning to a piece of music that initially seems alienating” ⑤ 오답 반대 — 활력을 얻었다.“Despite the doom and gloom, I feel invigorated by my trip.”
13	A2	추론 (BEST explains)	4.0	①	Vicente 는 taste-washing 의 바탕에 ‘권력을 잃을까 하는 두려움’이 있다고 본다. 테크 경영자들은 소셜미디어 사용이 한 방향(감소)으로만 가는 것을 걱정하며 문화 자본을 높이려 한다. “ultimately underpinning all of this taste-washing is fear – fear of losing power” “the big worry for tech bosses is that social media use is only going in one direction” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 정답 두려움 + 소셜미디어 사용 감소 추세.“ultimately underpinning all of this taste-washing is fear – fear of losing power” ② 오답 원문 미언급 — 그녀는 ‘두려움’이라고 본다.“ultimately underpinning all of this taste-washing is fear – fear of losing power” ③ 오답 반대 — 플랫폼에 의미가 남아 있다고 설득하려 한다.“convince humans there is still meaning online” ④ 오답 원문 미언급(다른 기사의 EU 규칙과 혼동 유도).“ultimately underpinning all of this taste-washing is fear – fear of losing power” ⑤ 오답 반대 — 2022년이 정점.“time spent on social media peaked in 2022”
14	교차	문법 (오류 식별)	3.2	④	콤마로 끊는 계속적 용법(non-restrictive) 관계절에는 that 을 쓸 수 없다. Blackbird Spyplane 문장은 ‘…, which is a cult style newsletter, …’ 가 맞다. 나머지는 원문 문장을 그대로 또는 원문 사실로 만든 올바른 문장. ““The recommender economy can be great because you can find someone whose taste you really admire or aligns with yours,” says Erin Wylie, who co-founded the cult style newsletter Blackbird Spyplane with her partner, Jonah Weiner” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 — 올바른 문장 계속적 용법 which — 원문 그대로, 올바름.“Google launched a tool called SynthID in 2023, which enables users to check if an image is AI-generated.” ② 오답 — 올바른 문장 계속적 용법 which — 올바름, 내용도 원문 일치.“Google and Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram, have signed a voluntary code of practice” ③ 오답 — 올바른 문장 소유격 whose — 올바름, 내용도 원문 일치.“Helena, a 25-year-old stylist” ④ 정답 — 문법 오류 콤마 뒤 계속적 용법에는 that 을 쓸 수 없다 → which is.“who co-founded the cult style newsletter Blackbird Spyplane with her partner, Jonah Weiner” ⑤ 오답 — 올바른 문장 계속적 용법 who — 원문 구조 그대로, 올바름.“McGinnis, who has been researching Fomo and Fobo over several years for his forthcoming book, and for his podcast Fomo Sapiens, argues that Fobo is not necessarily a new human behaviour.”
15	A3	추론 (BEST explains)	3.0	②	Fobo 상태에서는 자기 이익을 다른 누구보다 앞세우기 때문에 주변 사람들을 모두 ‘대기 상태(on hold)’로 만든다 → 그래서 나르시시즘이 원동력이라고 한다(‘더 감정적인’ 요인). “Fobo is driven by narcissism, because when you have Fobo, you’re putting your own interests well before anybody else’s, which leaves all the people around you on hold.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 원문 미언급 — 그의 설명은 ‘자기 이익 우선’.“you’re putting your own interests well before anybody else’s” ② 정답 그의 설명 그대로.“you’re putting your own interests well before anybody else’s, which leaves all the people around you on hold” ③ 오답 그것은 Fomo.“Anyone with a smartphone looking over the often manipulated and unrealistic lives of others on social media might feel Fomo.” ④ 오답 원문 미언급 — Fobo 는 선택지가 있어야 생긴다.“To have Fobo you must have options.” ⑤ 오답 실행 기능 손상은 별개 설명이며 원인이라 단정하지 않는다.“People with conditions such as ADHD and autism, where executive functions can be impaired, may find themselves struggling to choose between options.”
16	A3	세부일치 (CORRECT)	3.0	④	Lidbetter 는 Fobo 가 불안장애의 완곡어라는 견해에 동의하지 않는다: 기존 불안 상태와 연결되거나 그 계기가 될 가능성이 더 크지, 독자적 불안장애로 분류할 정도는 아니라는 것. “Fear of a better option, however, is more likely to be linked to or a trigger for a pre-existing anxiety condition as opposed to being sufficient to warrant being categorised as an anxiety disorder in its own right.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 반대 — 어려움을 겪을 수 있다.“may find themselves struggling to choose between options” ② 오답 Anxiety UK 대표. 벤처 투자자는 McGinnis.“Nicky Lidbetter, chief executive of the charity Anxiety UK” ③ 오답 복잡한 정신 절차.“Decision-making is a complex mental procedure” ④ 정답 원문 일치.“is more likely to be linked to or a trigger for a pre-existing anxiety condition as opposed to being sufficient to warrant being categorised as an anxiety disorder in its own right” ⑤ 오답 계획부터 충동 관리까지.“from planning to managing impulses”
17	A3	불일치 (NOT)	3.0	②	하버드라는 ‘선택이 풍부한 환경’에서 그는 모든 걸 하고 싶었고(Fomo) 동시에 하나만 고르지 못했다(Fobo). 빨리 골라 헌신했다는 것은 반대 진술. “And I realised that that was a pervasive behaviour at Harvard because of it being a choice-rich environment.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 — 원문 일치 원문 일치.“when I arrived I found it extremely overwhelming” ② 정답 — 원문과 다름 반대 — 하나만 고르지 못했다.“I wasn’t willing to say no to anything and just choose one thing” ③ 오답 — 원문 일치 원문 일치.“I wanted to do everything – which is Fomo” ④ 오답 — 원문 일치 원문 일치.“I wasn’t willing to say no to anything and just choose one thing, which was Fobo” ⑤ 오답 — 원문 일치 원문 일치.“I would wait until the last minute to see if a better option came along.”
18	A3	어휘 문맥의미	2.0	⑤	앞 문장 ‘commit then cancel(약속하고 취소)’의 구체적 예 → bail = (막판에) 빠지다, 약속을 취소하다. “Someone with Fobo is likely to hold back on commitment, or commit then cancel. “I bail at the last minute, all the time”” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 ‘보석금’ 뜻 함정 — 문맥은 약속.“Someone with Fobo is likely to hold back on commitment, or commit then cancel.” ② 오답 문맥과 무관.““I bail at the last minute, all the time” says Aoife O’Donaghue” ③ 오답 문맥과 무관.““I bail at the last minute, all the time” says Aoife O’Donaghue” ④ 오답 반대 — 확답을 못 한다.“Such dithering can be exhausting for friends and family who depend on someone for a firm commitment” ⑤ 정답 약속했다 취소하는 행동.“Someone with Fobo is likely to hold back on commitment, or commit then cancel.”
19	A3	추론 (BEST explains)	4.0	③	Fomo 는 ‘뭔가 다른 걸 해 보라’는 작은 속삭임이 될 수 있지만, Fobo 는 McGinnis 가 ‘파괴적’이라 보는 행동이므로 이름 붙여 인식하고 바꿔야 한다. “which he sees as being “destructive”” “that’s a cue to try something else and open up your perspective. So a little Fomo is fine. But Fobo is not good.” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 오답 원문 미언급.“that’s a cue to try something else and open up your perspective” ② 오답 반대 — Fobo 는 결정을 미룬다.“So we would rather not decide at all and keep all of our options open.” ③ 정답 그의 대비 그대로.“that’s a cue to try something else and open up your perspective” ④ 오답 그는 Fobo 를 파괴적이라고 본다(성격의 일부라 보는 건 O’Donaghue·Hall).“which he sees as being “destructive”” ⑤ 오답 원문 미언급.“It’s my view that Fomo isn’t all bad because Fomo can be that little whisper in your ear that we should try something different.”
20	A3	요지·목적	2.8	①	‘fear of letting go’ 에 ‘심리학적 근거가 있다’며 maximiser/satisficer 구분과 2011년 연구를 소개하고, Fobo 를 겪는 사람이 기술의 도움을 받은 maximiser 일 수 있다고 연결한다. “There is some psychological foundation to this.” “Perhaps then, those with Fobo are simply maximisers facilitated by contemporary technology” 선지별 판정 (원문 대조) ① 정답 단락의 첫 문장이 목적을 밝힌다.“There is some psychological foundation to this.” ② 오답 원문 미언급 — satisficer 는 ‘modest criteria’ 로 고를 뿐.“will make choices based on a modest criteria” ③ 오답 반대 — 기술이 maximiser 를 늘리는지 묻는다.“perhaps contemporary technology is turning more of us into maximisers” ④ 오답 Brexit 는 앞 단락(McGinnis 의 국가 사례).“I have come to believe that the Brexit situation is Fobo.” ⑤ 오답 반대 — 헌신의 이점을 놓친다.“Maximisers miss out on the psychological benefits of commitment”
선택형 합계			60.0	4점×3 + 3.2점×3 + 3점×8 + 2.8점×3 + 2점×3 = 60.0

서술형 1 — 채점기준 (가정: 2025 FRQ2 루브릭 구조 모사, 교사 채점기준 아님)

요소	배점
개념 정의 — 알고리즘 피드의 작동(데이터·체류 시간) 설명	5
personalization vs personal choice 구분·비교	5
지문 예시 2개 이상 (aperture·과거 방식·inescapable overnight·clipping 등)	5
평가 + 현실적 해결책 + 형식(7~9문장 이상, formal academic English)	5

Model Answer (10 sentences). Algorithmic platforms influence personal preferences by deciding what we see before we have a chance to decide what we like. Most of us now encounter culture through a single aperture, the algorithmic feeds of streaming and social media platforms, which are designed to keep us on the platform for as long as possible. Personalization is the platform’s prediction of what will hold our attention, but personal choice is a decision we make after being exposed to a range of styles, genres and ideas. In the past, the author explains, people met culture through community, geography, media and serendipitous accidents, and then decided what appealed to them. Today, by contrast, consumer trends can become inescapable overnight, reaching saturation before we have even decided what we think of them. Popularity itself can also be faked, since “clipping” campaigns pay members of the public to flood social media and trick the algorithm into detecting widespread enthusiasm. For these reasons, algorithmic recommendations reflect our past clicks and paid signals more than our real taste. Admittedly, recommendations are not always useless, because Erin Wylie notes that the recommender economy can help us find someone whose taste we really admire. Still, the safest way to develop authentic taste is to step back from the feed and, as Gamble advises, always question why we like something. Only then does a personalized suggestion become a genuine personal choice.

모범답안의 사실 근거(원문):

“We increasingly encounter most aspects of the world through a single aperture: streaming and social media platforms.”

“via a combination of community, geography, mass and specialist media, and serendipitous accidents”

“Exposed to a range of styles, genres and ideas, we would decide what appealed to us”

“seemed to become inescapable overnight, buoyed by the algorithm and reaching tedious saturation point before I had even had the chance to decide what I thought of them”

“This can trick the algorithm into detecting widespread enthusiasm and therefore promoting the product further”

“The recommender economy can be great because you can find someone whose taste you really admire”

“Always question yourself. Why do I like that?”

서술형 2 — 채점기준 (가정: 2025 FRQ2 루브릭 구조 모사, 교사 채점기준 아님)

요소	배점
개념 정의 — Fobo(또는 A1 의 라벨 규칙·label fatigue) 정확히 정의	5
알고리즘 피드 문제와의 비교 (선택/정보 과잉)	5
지문 예시 2개 + 개인 경험 1개	5
해결책 + 형식(7~9문장 이상, formal academic English)	5

Model Answer (9 sentences). Fobo, or “fear of better options,” is the inability to commit to one choice even when all the options are acceptable, and the term was coined by Patrick McGinnis. McGinnis explains that Fobo depends on having options, which is why he calls it an affliction of affluence. The personal taste article describes a similar problem, because platforms give us content in such overwhelming quantities that we can no longer properly digest and assess it. In both cases, an abundance of choice is supposed to give us freedom, but it often leaves us exhausted instead. For example, Aoife O’Donaghue spent 15 minutes deciding between the library and a cafe and ended up with a stress-induced stomach ache. Similarly, the author of the taste article scrolled through endless clothes and playlists and felt zero enthusiasm for any of it. In my own experience, I once spent a long time comparing study apps and never actually started studying. A useful solution is to think like a satisficer, who chooses based on modest criteria, and to set productive constraints that limit our options. By choosing what is good enough and committing to it, we can enjoy the psychological benefits of commitment that maximisers miss.

※ 모범답안의 개인 경험 문장(study apps)은 예시일 뿐 — 실제 답안에는 본인 경험으로 바꿔 쓸 것.

모범답안의 사실 근거(원문):

“Fobo is the inability to choose between one of many acceptable outcomes.”

““Fobo is an affliction of affluence,” says McGinnis. “To have Fobo you must have options.”

“we are being given it in such overwhelming quantities that we no longer have the mental capacity to properly digest and assess what we have encountered”

“O’Donaghue describes working herself up over this for 15 minutes until she had a stress-induced stomach ache.”

“I felt zero enthusiasm for any of it”

“will make choices based on a modest criteria”

“Maximisers miss out on the psychological benefits of commitment”