2025학년도 1학기 1차 지필평가 영어I 구조 기반 · 총 36문항 · 100점 · 객관식 5지선다 · 50분 권장
| 유형 | 2025 기출 | 본 모의고사 | 문항 번호 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vocabulary in Context | 6 | 6 | Q1, 2, 10, 16, 24, 30 |
| Word–Definition Match | 2 | 2 | Q3, 8 |
| Short Fiction Cloze | 4 | 4 | Q4, 5, 6, 7 |
| Pronoun / Reference | 2 | 2 | Q9, 15 |
| Inference (CAN be inferred) | 4 | 4 | Q11, 19, 25, 32 |
| Sentence Interpretation | 3 | 3 | Q12, 17, 27 |
| Rhetorical Device | 3 | 3 | Q13, 21, 29 |
| NOT correct | 2 | 2 | Q23, 26 |
| Main Idea / Stance (BEST) | 3 | 3 | Q14, 33, 35 |
| Structural Function | 2 | 2 | Q22, 28 |
| Detail Comprehension | 1 | 1 | Q18 |
| Figurative / Metaphor | 1 | 1 | Q20 |
| Cross-Reference (SHARED) | 1 | 1 | Q31 |
| INCONSISTENT | 1 | 1 | Q34 |
| Implicit Premise | 1 | 1 | Q36 |
| 합계 | 36 | 36 | — |
| # | 배점 | 유형 | 정답 | # | 배점 | 유형 | 정답 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | 2.5 | Vocab in Context | ② | Q19 | 3.0 | Inference | ⑤ |
| Q2 | 2.5 | Vocab in Context | ③ | Q20 | 3.0 | Figurative | ④ |
| Q3 | 2.5 | Word–Def Match | ① | Q21 | 3.0 | Rhetorical Device | ① |
| Q4 | 2.5 | Fiction Cloze | ④ | Q22 | 3.2 | Structural Function | ⑤ |
| Q5 | 2.5 | Fiction Cloze | ② | Q23 | 3.2 | NOT correct | ③ |
| Q6 | 2.5 | Fiction Cloze | ① | Q24 | 2.7 | Vocab in Context | ④ |
| Q7 | 2.5 | Fiction Cloze | ③ | Q25 | 2.7 | Inference | ① |
| Q8 | 2.5 | Word–Def Match | ⑤ | Q26 | 2.7 | NOT correct | ② |
| Q9 | 2.5 | Reference | ④ | Q27 | 2.7 | Sentence Interp. | ⑤ |
| Q10 | 2.5 | Vocab Inappropriate | ⑤ | Q28 | 2.7 | Structural Function | ③ |
| Q11 | 2.5 | Inference | ④ | Q29 | 2.7 | Rhetorical Device | ① |
| Q12 | 2.5 | Sentence Interp. | ② | Q30 | 3.2 | Vocab Inappropriate | ⑤ |
| Q13 | 2.5 | Rhetorical Device | ③ | Q31 | 3.2 | Cross-Ref SHARED | ④ |
| Q14 | 2.5 | Main Idea | ③ | Q32 | 3.2 | Inference | ② |
| Q15 | 2.5 | Reference | ② | Q33 | 3.5 | Author's Stance | ③ |
| Q16 | 2.5 | Vocab in Context | ① | Q34 | 3.5 | INCONSISTENT | ④ |
| Q17 | 2.5 | Sentence Interp. | ② | Q35 | 3.4 | PRIMARY Purpose | ① |
| Q18 | 2.5 | Detail Comprehension | ① | Q36 | 3.4 | Implicit Premise | ④ |
총점 검증: 2.5 × 18 + 3.0 × 3 + 3.2 × 5 + 2.7 × 6 + 3.5 × 2 + 3.4 × 2 = 45.0 + 9.0 + 16.0 + 16.2 + 7.0 + 6.8 = 100.0점
각 문항 독립 · 짧은 인용구 / 단어-정의 매칭 / 소설 발췌 클로즈
문제: Which of the following has the MOST similar meaning to the underlined word "understood" as used in the quotation below?
정답: ②
정답 근거: "fear less"와 대비되어 "이해를 통한 두려움 극복"이라는 문맥 — comprehended(완전히 이해하다)가 가장 근접.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following BEST explains the meaning of the underlined word "richest" in the passage below?
정답: ③
정답 근거: Thoreau의 역설 — 물질적으로 가장 부유할 때 삶이 가장 초라해 보인다는 주장. 문자적 부(material possessions)와 영적 빈곤의 대비가 핵심.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following pairs of word and definition are CORRECTLY matched?
| 단어 | 정의 |
|---|---|
| ⓐ austere | (A) excessively talkative and rambling |
| ⓑ garrulous | (B) severe or strict in manner or attitude |
| ⓒ ephemeral | (C) lasting for a very short time |
| ⓓ obsequious | (D) showing a servile eagerness to please others |
| ⓔ laconic | (E) using very few words; terse |
정답: ①
정답 근거: ⓑ garrulous = (A) excessively talkative / ⓔ laconic = (E) using very few words — 두 매칭 모두 정확.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following BEST fits in blank (a)?
정답: ④
정답 근거: "sticketh closer than a brother"는 붙인 벽지를 떼어내기 힘들 정도로 단단히 붙여졌다는 맥락 → 붙이는 작업에 끈기(perseverance)가 필요했음.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following words BEST fits in blank (b), given the tone of the passage?
정답: ②
정답 근거: "as if she had been wanting to get out" + "firmly set" bars → 필사적·거칠게 긁는 동작(clawed)이 가장 일관됨.
오답 trap:
※ 본 모의고사는 원문의 'creeping/shaking' 표현을 'clawed'로 각색하여 탈출 의도를 강조함.
문제: Which of the following BEST fits in blank (c)?
정답: ①
정답 근거: "does not believe there is anything the matter" → 실용주의적·이성적 태도. 그리고 반어적으로 "secretly affected"와 대비되어야 "practical"의 표면-내면 긴장이 성립.
오답 trap:
문제: Which pair BEST fills blanks (d) and (e)?
정답: ③
정답 근거: 화자는 벽지의 기괴한 무늬에 점점 집착(dwells on mind) — "Perhaps because of"가 반어적 진실. 소설 전체의 아이러니(화자의 정신이 벽지에 점점 사로잡힘)와 일치.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following pairs of word and definition are CORRECTLY matched?
| 용어 | 정의 |
|---|---|
| ⓐ anaphora | (A) giving human qualities to non-human entities |
| ⓑ synecdoche | (B) repetition of a word at the beginning of successive clauses |
| ⓒ personification | (C) a part representing the whole, or vice versa |
| ⓓ metonymy | (D) substituting the name of one thing for something closely associated |
| ⓔ hyperbole | (E) deliberate exaggeration for emphasis |
정답: ⑤
정답 근거: ⓐ anaphora = (B) repetition / ⓒ personification = (A) human qualities / ⓔ hyperbole = (E) exaggeration — 세 매칭 모두 정확.
오답 trap:
The 15-minute city is an urban design concept that proposes a radical redefinition of daily life: residents should be able to reach most of their essential needs — housing, workplaces, schools, healthcare, shops, parks, and cultural venues — within a fifteen-minute walk or bicycle ride from home. (a) First articulated by the Colombian-French scholar Carlos Moreno in 2016, the idea rapidly gained international traction during the pandemic years, when lockdowns forced city dwellers to rediscover their immediate neighborhoods.
Proponents argue that the model addresses three intertwined crises at once. It revitalizes local economies by directing spending toward neighborhood shops; it reduces automobile dependency, thereby cutting carbon emissions; and it rebuilds the fabric of community by increasing incidental encounters among residents. In their view, the post-war habit of segregating housing, commerce, and industry into separate districts created a geography of isolation in which cars became prosthetic legs.
Yet the concept has also drawn sharp criticism. Some urbanists warn that compressing every function into a fifteen-minute radius risks producing what one critic called "gilded villages" — enclaves so self-sufficient that the wealthy no longer engage with the wider city. Others point to a practical obstacle: land values in dense, walkable neighborhoods have converged so steeply that the working class, whose service jobs sustain urban life, are the first to be priced out. (b) If only the affluent can afford to walk to the bakery, the dream of convenience turns into yet another form of spatial privilege.
The debate, in the end, is not really about distance. It is about who gets to live close to what — a question as old as cities themselves.
문제: What does the underlined (a) "First articulated by the Colombian-French scholar Carlos Moreno in 2016" grammatically modify?
정답: ④
정답 근거: 과거분사구는 뒤 주절의 주어 "the idea"를 수식. "First articulated…, the idea rapidly gained…"의 구조.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following underlined words from the passage is USED INAPPROPRIATELY in its context?
정답: ⑤
정답 근거: "land values converged so steeply" — 문맥상 'risen' 또는 'surged'가 자연스럽다. "converge"는 값들이 한 점으로 모이는 뜻으로 "steeply(가파르게)"와 어울리지 않음.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following CAN be inferred from the passage?
정답: ④
정답 근거: "land values… have risen so steeply that the working class… are the first to be priced out" → 감당 가능성(affordability)이 공정한(equitable) 실현의 장애물임을 추론할 수 있음.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following BEST interprets the underlined sentence (b) "If only the affluent can afford to walk to the bakery, the dream of convenience turns into yet another form of spatial privilege."?
정답: ②
정답 근거: "spatial privilege" = 지리적 특권. 편의성이 부자만 누린다면 계급 기반의 지리적 불평등을 강화하는 형태가 된다.
오답 trap:
문제: Which rhetorical strategy is PRIMARY in the closing sentence below?
정답: ③
정답 근거: "not really about distance. It is about who" — 표면적 질문(거리)을 더 본질적 질문(접근 주체)으로 전환하는 rhetorical redefinition (질문 재정의) 전략.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following BEST describes the author's overall stance toward the 15-minute city?
정답: ③
정답 근거: 지문 구조: proponents(지지자) → critics(비판자) → 마지막 "debate is about who" — 분석적 균형 관점.
오답 trap:
When I first sketched the Vietnam Veterans Memorial on a napkin at a Yale studio in 1981, I did not imagine the years of controversy that would follow. I imagined a cut into the earth — a V of polished black granite — that would not announce itself from a distance but would reveal its gravity only as you walked toward it. The design was deliberately anti-monumental. It refused the vertical heroism of obelisks. It refused bronze generals on rearing horses. (a) It asked the visitor to come down, and then to come down further, until the names of the dead rose up higher than one's own head.
Critics at the time called it a "black gash of shame." Some wanted to bury it under a more conventional statue. I understood their discomfort, though I could not share it. A traditional monument tells you what to feel. It narrates victory, sacrifice, virtue, and then releases you. My design narrated nothing. It offered only names — 58,318 of them — in the order in which their owners had died, not alphabetized, not ranked by medal. The visitor had to supply the grief.
I am often asked whether I regret the anonymity of the design, whether I wish I had carved faces or added figurative sculpture. I do not. Grief is not a public ceremony; it is a private transaction between the living and the dead. A memorial that tries to perform that transaction for the visitor takes something away. It says: You do not need to bring anything here. We have already mourned on your behalf. But grief, once outsourced, stops being grief.
(b) Architecture is usually understood as the art of presence — walls, roofs, the emphatic declaration that something is here. I have spent my career interested in the opposite: in what a cut, a void, an absence can communicate. When you trace your finger along a name on the black wall and see your own face reflected in the stone behind it, the memorial is no longer about the dead alone. It is about the living carrying the dead forward, one touch at a time.
I did not design a monument. I designed a conversation.
문제: In "It refused the vertical heroism of obelisks," what does "It" refer to?
정답: ②
정답 근거: "The design was deliberately anti-monumental. It refused…" — "It"은 바로 앞 문장의 주어인 "the design(=V of polished black granite)"을 가리킴.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following BEST captures the meaning of "anti-monumental" as the author uses it?
정답: ①
정답 근거: 바로 이어지는 "It refused the vertical heroism… bronze generals" — 전통적 기념비 형식의 거부.
오답 trap:
문제: What does the underlined sentence (a) "It asked the visitor to come down, and then to come down further, until the names of the dead rose up higher than one's own head" PRIMARILY convey?
정답: ②
정답 근거: "come down further, until the names… rose up higher" — 방문자 하강 + 명단 상승 = 기념비-관람자 관계의 상징적 역전.
오답 trap:
문제: According to the passage, which of the following BEST describes the critics' objection at the time of the memorial's construction?
정답: ①
정답 근거: "black gash of shame" + "wanted to bury it under a more conventional statue" — 색과 형식 모두 전통적 기념의 관점에서 부적합하다는 반응.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following CAN be inferred about the author's view of traditional monuments?
정답: ⑤
정답 근거: "A memorial that tries to perform that transaction for the visitor takes something away" + "grief, once outsourced, stops being grief" — 전통 기념비가 애도를 대신 수행하며, 저자는 이를 손실로 본다.
오답 trap:
문제: In the underlined sentence (b), the author contrasts architecture as "the art of presence" with her own interest in "the opposite." Which of the following BEST explains the contrast?
정답: ④
정답 근거: "walls, roofs, the emphatic declaration that something is here"(벽·지붕·존재의 선언) vs "what a cut, a void, an absence can communicate"(절단·공백·부재).
오답 trap:
문제: Which rhetorical device is MOST prominent in the two sentences below?
정답: ①
정답 근거: "It refused… It refused…" — 연속된 두 문장의 문두에서 동일 표현 반복 = anaphora.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following BEST describes the function of the final single-sentence paragraph ("I did not design a monument. I designed a conversation.")?
정답: ⑤
정답 근거: "monument" → "conversation"의 재정의는 본문 전체 주장(private transaction, living carrying the dead forward)을 압축하며 결론을 consolidate.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following statements about the author's views is NOT correct according to the passage?
정답: ③
정답 근거: "I am often asked whether I regret… I do not." — 후회하지 않는다고 명시. 따라서 ③은 지문과 반대.
오답 trap:
In the autumn of 2022, a painter named Jason Allen entered a digital artwork titled Théâtre D'opéra Spatial into the Colorado State Fair and won first prize in the Emerging Digital Artists category. The piece was beautiful — a baroque opera house rendered with dreamlike luminosity, the kind of image that might have taken a traditional illustrator weeks to produce. Allen had produced it in a few hours, using a generative AI model called Midjourney. When the judges learned the method after the award had been announced, a controversy ignited that has not yet been extinguished. (a) Allen had disclosed his use of the tool on the entry form; the judges had simply not known what Midjourney was.
The controversy matters because it crystallizes three unresolved questions about authorship, labor, and compensation in an age when creative tools can, to a meaningful degree, generate rather than merely record.
The first question — who is the author? — is legally the most tractable. The United States Copyright Office has ruled that works produced solely by a machine are not copyrightable, because American copyright law has always presupposed a human author. This decision rests on precedent: a famous 2018 case involving a macaque who took a selfie established that non-human entities cannot own copyrights. If a monkey cannot own its own picture, the office reasoned, neither can a statistical model. Yet the ruling leaves a harder question untouched. (b) When a human writes the prompt, rejects ninety-eight of the model's outputs, subtly revises the ninety-ninth, and calls the hundredth a finished work, at what threshold does selection become authorship?
The second question — whose labor made the model possible? — is rarely asked in copyright discussions but is foundational. Generative models are trained on enormous corpora scraped from the open web: photographs taken by professional artists, illustrations posted to portfolio sites, novels digitized in online archives. None of these creators consented to, or were compensated for, their contribution to the training set. (c) The economic logic resembles enclosure — the historical process by which common lands, once freely used by villagers, were fenced off into private property, with the former commoners reduced to wage labor on land they had once shared. A generation of illustrators now find themselves competing with models trained on their own work.
The third question — what should compensation look like? — is the least developed and the most urgent. Proposed solutions range from opt-out registries that let creators remove their work from training sets, to collective licensing schemes modeled on music royalties, to straightforward prohibition. Each proposal carries costs. Opt-out shifts the burden onto the creator; licensing requires coordination at a scale the industry has never achieved; prohibition would likely push development offshore into jurisdictions with no enforcement.
None of these uncertainties is a reason to retreat from the technology. They are a reason to build institutions — the slow, oblivious scaffolding of norms, registries, and contracts — that can distribute the benefits of generative systems without hollowing out the creative economies that made them possible in the first place. (d) The worst outcome would be to let the question of ownership be answered, by default, through the accidents of litigation.
Machines do not dream. The humans who built them, and the humans whose work was fed to them, did.
문제: Which of the following is the MOST APPROPRIATE interpretation of the author's use of "enclosure" in underlined (c)?
정답: ④
정답 근거: "historical process by which common lands… were fenced off into private property" → 공공 자원의 사유화(privatization) 비유.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following CAN be inferred from the passage about the U.S. Copyright Office's position?
정답: ①
정답 근거: "presupposed a human author" + "the ruling leaves a harder question untouched"(선택·큐레이션의 경계) — 인간 저자 전제는 확립, 실질적 큐레이션 사안은 미해결.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following is NOT correct according to the passage?
정답: ②
정답 근거: 저자는 prohibition을 여러 선택지 중 하나로 제시하되 "prohibition would likely push development offshore"라 비용을 지적하고, 결론에서 institutions를 선호. 금지를 "best solution"으로 지지하지 않음.
오답 trap:
문제: What does the author MOST likely intend by the underlined rhetorical question (b) about "selection" becoming "authorship"?
정답: ⑤
정답 근거: "the ruling leaves a harder question untouched" + 99개 거부·1개 수정의 예시 — 큐레이션/저작의 경계가 법적으로 모호하고 철학적으로 실질적이라는 점을 부각.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following BEST describes how the author organizes the essay?
정답: ③
정답 근거: "three unresolved questions about authorship, labor, and compensation" → 각각 한 단락씩 차례로 검토. "The first question…", "The second question…", "The third question…" 구조.
오답 trap:
문제: Which rhetorical strategy is MOST prominent in the closing two sentences below?
정답: ①
정답 근거: "Machines do not dream" ↔ "humans… did"(대립 = antithesis) + "did" = "did dream"의 동사 생략(ellipsis) → 기계에서 인간으로 공로 재분배.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following underlined words from the passage is USED INAPPROPRIATELY in its context?
정답: ⑤
정답 근거: "the slow, unglamorous scaffolding of norms"(긍정·중립적으로 institutions를 수식)가 원문 의도. "oblivious"(무관심한, 자각 없는)는 institutions의 적절한 속성이 아니며, 문맥상 "unglamorous(화려하지 않은)" 같은 단어가 맞다.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following BEST describes the SHARED underlying assumption of Passage A and Passage B below?
정답: ④
정답 근거: Passage A는 "non-human entities cannot own copyrights"(법적 주체성 인간 전속), Passage B는 "machines do not dream"(기계에는 창의 주체성 없음, 인간만 dream) — 두 인용 모두 창의적·법적 주체성의 인간 전속을 전제한다.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following CAN be inferred about the author's view of the AI training process?
정답: ②
정답 근거: "None of these creators consented to, or were compensated for, their contribution" + enclosure 비유 — 동의·보상 없이 가치를 추출하는 과정을 공유지 울타리치기에 비유.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following BEST describes the author's overall stance?
정답: ③
정답 근거: "None of these uncertainties is a reason to retreat from the technology. They are a reason to build institutions" — 기술 수용 + 제도적 안전장치 요구 = cautiously engaged.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following positions is INCONSISTENT with the author's argument?
정답: ④
정답 근거: 저자는 computing power 보유자에게 저작권을 자동 귀속시키자는 입장을 전혀 취하지 않으며, 오히려 훈련 데이터 원작자의 권리 부재를 enclosure에 비유해 비판. ④는 저자 주장과 정면 모순.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following BEST describes the PRIMARY purpose of the essay?
정답: ①
정답 근거: 지문의 구조(three unresolved questions 프레임)와 결론 단락("build institutions… not… accidents of litigation") 모두 이 목적을 향한다.
오답 trap:
문제: Which of the following assumptions is MOST fundamental to the author's argument, even though it is never stated explicitly?
정답: ④
정답 근거: 저자가 institutions > litigation을 선호하는 암묵적 전제. "worst outcome would be… the accidents of litigation"은 소송이 우연적·편파적으로 결과를 고착시킨다는 전제 위에서만 성립한다. 이 전제는 글 전체에 작동하나 직접 진술되지는 않는다.
오답 trap:
AP English Linguistics Mock Exam v1 · 2026 Grade 2, 1st Midterm · 2025 기출 구조 기반 36문항 · Generated for study purposes only. This material may not be used for commercial purposes without the advance written permission of Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies.