2026 심화영어독해 고난도 실전 모의고사 v2 (25년 기출 유형 복제)

유형	25년 기출	v2 구현 (Q번호)	일치
"BEST explains / captures / conveys" 추론	6	6 (Q1~Q6)	✓
주제 / 요지 / 메시지 추론	5	5 (Q7~Q11)	✓
NOT true / 본문과 일치하지 않는 것	3~4	3 (Q12~Q14)	✓
문장 삽입 / 글 순서 / 문법	3	3 (Q15~Q17)	✓
어휘 쓰임 (밑줄 단어 중 부적절한 것)	2	2 (Q18~Q19)	✓
요약문 완성	1	1 (Q20)	✓
서술형 (FRQ)	2	2 (Q21~Q22)	✓

Q1.다음 글에서 필자의 중심 주장을 가장 잘 포착한 것 (BEST captures)은?BEST captures킬러3점

지문: Powerful Forces Are Fracking Our Attention (Burnett)

The lament is as old as education itself, but today the problem of flighty or fragmented attention has reached truly catastrophic proportions. We are witnessing the dark side of our new technological lives, whose extractive profit models amount to the systematic fracking of human beings — pumping vast quantities of high-pressure media content into our faces to force up a plume of the vaporous yet intimate stuff called attention, which now trades on the open market. Increasingly powerful systems seek to ensure that our attention is never truly ours. For two centuries, champions of liberal democracy have agreed that individual and collective freedom requires literacy. But as once-familiar calls for an informed citizenry give way to fears of informational saturation and perpetual distraction, literacy becomes less urgent than attensity — the capacity for attention itself.

(A) Democracy should abandon the traditional demand for literacy and replace it with stricter laws that regulate media companies' profits. (B) Because extractive platforms now mine attention itself as a traded commodity, the democratic priority must shift from literacy to the capacity for sustained attention. (C) The fragmentation of attention is a temporary problem that education reforms will solve once students are taught to read longer texts. (D) Media companies should voluntarily reduce the quantity of content they produce so that citizens can rebuild their literacy skills. (E) Although attention is being depleted, the informed citizenry of the two past centuries proves that literacy is still the only safeguard of freedom.

✔️ 정답: (B)

해설: 지문의 중심 주장은 두 부분으로 구성된다. ① 플랫폼이 주의력을 trades on the open market하는 상품으로 채굴한다(extractive/fracking), ② 따라서 민주주의의 우선순위는 literacy에서 attensity (the capacity for attention)로 옮겨야 한다. 지문 원문 "literacy becomes less urgent than attensity — the capacity for attention itself"가 결정적 근거. (B)가 두 축을 모두 포착한다.

🚨 오답 함정: (A)는 "replace literacy with stricter laws"로 원문에 없는 법적 규제를 도입한 왜곡. (C)는 "temporary problem … reforms will solve"로 낙관론을 덧붙여 원문이 catastrophic이라고 강조한 어조와 정반대. (E)는 "literacy is still the only safeguard"로 지문 결론과 정면 충돌.

킬러 포인트: (A)·(B) 모두 "shift from literacy"를 포함해 한 축은 같지만, 두 번째 축(법적 규제 vs 주의력 역량)에서 갈린다. 25년 기출에서 반복된 "두 절로 구성된 선지에서 한 절만 맞는 함정" 패턴.

Q2.Which of the following BEST explains the rhetorical function of the "empty crystal cup" metaphor?BEST explains3점

지문: Ezra Klein × Burnett Transcript (camera obscura / crystal cup)

In the classical model of the human mind, Burnett explains, the world outside matches the world inside — like a camera obscura in which light falls into a darkened box. But by the late nineteenth century, scientists abandoned this neat optical picture and began to describe the human body as made of "oozy" protoplasm, a living and messy organic thing. It was in that shift, Burnett argues, that the modern concept of attention was born: no longer a passive reception of images, but a faculty one could cultivate, manage, and lose. To dramatize this newer sense, he returns to Henry James, whose physician in The Wings of the Dove speaks of attention as an "empty crystal cup" that another person must help us fill.

(A) It mocks the Victorian medical profession for its reliance on ornamental rather than scientific language. (B) It replaces the passive, camera-like model of the mind with an image of attention as a fragile, relational capacity that others help us sustain. (C) It proves, through literary evidence alone, that attention is a purely private faculty immune to social influence. (D) It shows that nineteenth-century novelists had already rejected the concept of attention and preferred to describe love instead. (E) It argues that the human mind literally resembles glassware and must therefore be handled with medical caution.

✔️ 정답: (B)

해설: 지문은 "camera obscura(수동적 투영)" → "oozy protoplasm(살아있는 유기체)" → "empty crystal cup(타자가 채워주는 그릇)"이라는 3단계 은유 이동으로 attention 개념을 재정의한다. crystal cup은 바로 앞 passive model을 대체하면서 another person must help us fill이라는 관계적·취약한 capacity를 시각화한다. (B)가 이 수사적 기능을 정확히 포착.

🚨 오답 함정: (C)는 "purely private … immune to social influence"로 원문의 관계적 본질을 정반대로 오독. (E)는 literal resemblance로 은유를 문자주의로 환원한 전형적 함정. (A)는 원문에 없는 mock 어조를 투사한 tone 오독.

Q3.밑줄 친 구절이 전달하는 바를 가장 잘 나타낸 것 (BEST conveys)은?BEST conveys3점

지문: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Millions of visitors now gaze at the Sistine ceiling in quiet awe, forgetting that the images above them were, for Michelangelo, nearer to a trial than a triumph. Working alone for long stretches, he leaned back on improvised scaffolding for hours, paint dripping into his face; his vision deteriorated, and contemporaries recalled him muttering that he had become "a Lombard goiter" of a man. Yet biographers note that he wrote almost nothing in those four years that is not either a complaint or a prayer — and that the images we now call sublime were completed in a mood not of religious awe but of stubborn, half-defiant concentration. The ceiling, in other words, is less a monument to faith than to what one critic later described as the silent rebellion of the exhausted master.

(A) an easy confidence that flowed from his earlier success as a sculptor (B) a focus sustained less by devotion than by quiet opposition to the physical and personal costs imposed on him (C) an eager desire to earn the Pope's approval through visible religious submission (D) a collaborative mood in which his assistants shared equally in the spiritual vision of the work (E) a gradual loss of attention as exhaustion weakened his artistic will over the four-year project

✔️ 정답: (B)

해설: 밑줄 바로 뒤 문장 "the silent rebellion of the exhausted master"가 "stubborn, half-defiant concentration"의 동격 설명이다. 또한 "not of religious awe but of stubborn, half-defiant"이라는 부정-긍정 대조가 있으므로 종교적 devotion은 배제되고, 물리적·인적 cost에 대한 quiet opposition으로 유지된 집중임이 드러난다. (B)가 이 두 층위를 모두 담는다.

🚨 오답 함정: (C)는 "visible religious submission"으로 본문 "not of religious awe"와 정면 충돌. (E)는 "gradual loss of attention"으로 "stubborn concentration"의 지속성과 정반대. (D)의 "collaborative assistants"는 본문에 없는 날조.

Q4.Which of the following BEST explains the PRIMARY rhetorical purpose of the blue-moon example?PRIMARY · BEST3점

지문: Science and English Idioms

The English language is littered with well-meaning phrases and idioms from science and nature, yet many of them are misrepresentations of what they try to express. "A watched pot never boils" is obviously wrong: leave a pot on a sufficient flame long enough and its contents will boil, watched or not. Some phrases, however, have less apparent scientific inaccuracies. Consider the commonly used phrase once in a blue moon, which refers to an extremely rare event. A blue moon, in strict astronomical usage, is simply the second full moon in a single calendar month. The problem with the expression is that blue moons are not that unusual: they occur every few years at least, and can even occur within months of each other when the lunar cycle places a full moon at the beginning of any month except February. The reality, then, is that imagery, not logic, drives most English idioms.

(A) to propose that English speakers replace the idiom with a more astronomically accurate phrase (B) to celebrate how poetic language can survive scientific correction by becoming more beautiful (C) to illustrate that even idioms which sound plausible can conceal a scientific inaccuracy, reinforcing the essay's main claim (D) to argue that astronomers alone should be trusted with the interpretation of common expressions (E) to suggest that the English language tends to borrow from astronomy more than from any other branch of science

✔️ 정답: (C)

해설: blue-moon 예시는 "less apparent scientific inaccuracies" 범주의 대표 사례로 도입된다. 저자는 "A watched pot…"처럼 명백히 틀린 것도 있지만, blue moon처럼 겉보기에 그럴듯한 표현도 실은 과학적으로 부정확하다는 점을 보여 마지막 결론 "imagery, not logic, drives most English idioms"을 강화한다. PRIMARY 목적은 main claim 보강 = (C).

🚨 오답 함정: (A)는 "replace the idiom"으로 본문에 없는 prescriptive 주장을 끼워넣은 과장. (B)는 "celebrate poetic language"로 저자의 비판적 tone과 정반대 — 저자는 miscalled scientific accuracy를 criticize한다. (E)는 "more than any other branch of science"라는 통계적 주장을 본문 근거 없이 추가.

Q5.Which BEST captures the author's implicit view of "put the dog to sleep"?BEST captures3점

지문: Euphemisms

Euphemisms are often defended as ordinary courtesies of language — polite words that soften death, illness, or failure. "Put the dog to sleep," for instance, sounds gentler than "kill a sick pet," and many owners describe reaching for the phrase almost automatically. Yet the same linguistic device can quietly serve another purpose. When a corporation calls mass layoffs a "strategic realignment," or a government calls civilian deaths "collateral damage," the tone of the phrase is not merely gentler; the moral weight of the event has been shifted. Listeners who would shudder at a plain description may nod at the softened one, internalizing an event whose severity they would otherwise criticize. The danger, the author concludes, lies less in politeness itself than in the perception that comfortable phrasing is morally neutral.

(A) It is a harmless courtesy that should never be questioned because it spares the feelings of pet owners. (B) It is linguistically identical to "strategic realignment" and shares exactly the same moral function in public discourse. (C) It is a comparatively mild private euphemism that nonetheless illustrates the same mechanism by which more consequential public euphemisms soften moral judgment. (D) It is the clearest possible example of dishonest corporate language and should therefore be banned from public communication. (E) It is proof that English, unlike other languages, cannot discuss death without disguise.

✔️ 정답: (C)

해설: 저자는 "put the dog to sleep"을 도입부 완화된 예시로 제시한 뒤 "the same linguistic device can quietly serve another purpose"라고 연결해, 더 심각한 "strategic realignment / collateral damage"로 논의를 확대한다. 즉 반려견 문구는 mild하지만 같은 메커니즘을 보여주는 도입 사례이므로 (C)가 가장 정확.

🚨 오답 함정: (A)는 "never be questioned"로 저자의 비판적 문제 제기를 부정. (B)는 "linguistically identical … exactly the same moral function"이라는 극단화로 저자가 명시한 "더 중대한 공적 예시로의 확대" 구조를 뭉개버린다. (D)는 "should be banned"로 본문에 없는 정책 제안을 삽입.

킬러 포인트: (B)의 "same moral function"은 일부 맞아 보이지만 "exactly the same"과 "linguistically identical"이라는 극단어 때문에 오답. 25년 기출의 "부분 정답 과장" 함정.

Q6.Spooner의 verbal habit에 대한 필자의 관점을 가장 잘 담은 것 (BEST conveys)은?BEST conveys3점

지문: Spoonerisms

William Spooner was remembered less for his scholarship than for a verbal habit: his tongue kept reshuffling the opening sounds of the words he tried to say. "A well-boiled icicle" for well-oiled bicycle, or "you have tasted a whole worm" for wasted a whole term, became famous not only because they were strange but because, in their new form, they still almost made sense. Linguists have since argued that such slips are not random. They happen when the planning of speech runs slightly ahead of the lips and tongue, producing a brief mechanical collision between neighboring sounds. What began as a private embarrassment of a single professor has therefore become, in modern usage, a general label for any humorous error in which sound sequences swap places, whether the speaker intended it or not.

(A) Spooner's slips were a deliberate comic strategy whose popularity reveals his hidden love of wordplay. (B) What looked like a personal flaw in fact exemplified a general mechanical mismatch between mental planning and physical articulation, later generalized into a linguistic label. (C) Spoonerisms are fundamentally random errors without any underlying linguistic explanation. (D) Spooner's embarrassment eventually disappeared because the linguistic community preferred to forget the original professor. (E) Humorous sound swaps have always been rare in English, and Spooner's case is an isolated anomaly in the language's history.

✔️ 정답: (B)

해설: 필자의 두 축: ① 원래 sound-swap은 individual slip이지만 mechanical collision이라는 일반 원리에서 나온다, ② 용어가 broadened되어 이제 의도 여부에 관계없이 모든 humorous sound swap을 가리킨다. (B)는 두 축을 "general mechanical mismatch"와 "later generalized into a linguistic label"로 정확히 포괄.

🚨 오답 함정: (A)는 "deliberate comic strategy"로 본문 "private embarrassment"와 정면 충돌. (C)는 "fundamentally random"이라 본문 "not random … mechanical collision"과 정반대. (E)의 "always rare … isolated anomaly"는 오히려 지문이 "general label"로의 확장을 강조하는 것과 반대.

Q7.다음 글의 요지로 가장 APPROPRIATE한 것요지3점

지문: Tim Wu — The Age of Attention

It has always bemused and annoyed me that we call our time the Information Age. Information is the water in which we swim; for most of human history, we lived in conditions of information scarcity. Yet as the economist Herbert Simon pointed out in the 1970s, when information becomes abundant, attention becomes the scarce resource: "a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention." To illustrate what he meant, consider Tetris. The goal is to rotate, stack, and clear blocks as they rain down at a constantly increasing speed; the total number of bricks is infinite, but their infinitude is not the problem. The challenge is the velocity at which they fall. At extreme speeds, processing fails. In exactly the same way, information quantity matters only insofar as it enables information velocity. The main risk of abundance, therefore, is not that attention will be used up, but that we will lose control of our attentional processes.

(A) The Information Age has produced unprecedented wealth, and the remaining challenge is simply to distribute it more fairly. (B) Tetris is a cautionary parable proving that all digital games damage the human attention span. (C) Under conditions of informational abundance, what matters is not quantity but the velocity of input, which threatens not to deplete attention but to strip us of control over it. (D) Information scarcity was a historically unique condition that can never return, and its disappearance is worth celebrating. (E) Economists like Herbert Simon were too optimistic about humanity's ability to adapt to technological change.

✔️ 정답: (C)

해설: 지문은 ① "not quantity but velocity" ② "not that attention will be used up, but that we will lose control"이라는 이중 부정-긍정 구조로 요지를 두 번 확정한다. (C)는 두 구조를 모두 포함한다.

🚨 오답 함정: (A)는 "distribute wealth more fairly"라는 경제적 재분배 이야기를 끼워넣은 본문 범위 외 함정. (B)는 "all digital games damage"라는 극단 일반화 — Tetris는 비유 예시일 뿐이다. (E)는 Simon을 "too optimistic"이라 평가한 본문 없는 날조.

Q8.다음 글의 주제로 가장 APPROPRIATE한 것주제3점

지문: Hamlet and The Lion King

The modern entertainment landscape may seem to have lost touch with the more classical influences of its ancestors, yet Disney's 1994 animation The Lion King follows the storyline of Shakespeare's Hamlet so closely that, by plot alone, the young lion Simba can be read as a direct representation of Prince Hamlet. Both princes, burdened by a father they must avenge, delay the act that they know must be done. Even the fathers echo each other: Hamlet the elder and Mufasa each return as ghosts whose revelations leave much to interpretation, while the villains, Claudius and Scar, casually drive their respective countries into war. Even comic reliefs mirror — Rosencrantz and Guildenstern beside Timon and Pumbaa — and each pair quietly reminds the hero of his duty. What looks like a children's cartoon, the author suggests, is finally a retelling of one of English literature's oldest debates about responsibility, revenge, and the cost of delay.

(A) why modern animated films are technically superior to the theatre of Shakespeare's age (B) how a contemporary children's film can quietly reenact a classical tragedy's meditation on responsibility, revenge, and delay (C) the commercial reasons that led Disney to license Shakespeare's original text (D) the historical accuracy of Hamlet as a record of early modern court intrigue (E) strategies parents can use to introduce Shakespeare's plays to very young children

✔️ 정답: (B)

해설: 저자는 Lion King이 Hamlet의 plot·fathers·villains·comic reliefs를 모두 미러링한다고 설명한 뒤, 마지막 문장에서 "a retelling of … responsibility, revenge, and the cost of delay"라고 결론 짓는다. 주제는 "현대 아동 영화가 고전 비극의 주제를 조용히 재연한다"이므로 (B).

🚨 오답 함정: (A)는 "technically superior"라는 비교 주장을 본문 없이 삽입. (C)는 "commercial reasons … licensed the text"라는 허구의 사실 주장. (E)는 주제를 실용 팁 수준으로 축소한 함정.

Q9.다음 글의 PRIMARY message로 가장 APPROPRIATE한 것PRIMARY message3점

지문: The Sunk Cost Bias

The sunk cost bias names the stubborn human tendency to let past expenditures dictate future decisions. A viewer who has already endured ninety minutes of a disappointing film will often stay for the final half hour, reasoning — against all logic — that leaving early would "waste" the time already lost. An investor who has poured capital into a failing venture will sometimes pour in more, hoping to recover what has already been spent. Behavioral economists argue that what makes the bias so stubborn is not ignorance but a kind of emotional accounting: we feel the loss of what we have sunk more vividly than we feel the opportunity cost of continuing. The irony is that by trying to avoid the pain of admitting a past mistake, we deliberately produce a larger one. A rational evaluation of any present choice, they conclude, must therefore treat sunk costs as what they genuinely are — irreversible and, for the purposes of this decision, entirely irrelevant.

(A) Behavioral economists have proven that human beings are incapable of ever making rational financial choices. (B) To evaluate any present choice rationally, we must exclude irreversible past expenditures because the effort to recover them enlarges the original loss. (C) The ethical obligation to finish what one has started must always override economic calculation. (D) Most disappointing films become worthwhile if a viewer is willing to stay until the final credits. (E) Investors can reliably recover sunk costs by doubling their original investment in a failing venture.

✔️ 정답: (B)

해설: 결론문 "must therefore treat sunk costs as … irreversible and … entirely irrelevant"이 PRIMARY message다. "의사결정에서 과거 지출을 배제해야 한다"와 "회수 시도가 오히려 손실을 키운다"를 모두 담은 (B)가 정답.

🚨 오답 함정: (A)는 "incapable of ever"로 극단 일반화. (C)는 본문이 명시적으로 부정하는 "finish what one started"를 의무로 포장. (E)는 본문이 비판하는 행동("pour in more")을 오히려 전략으로 포장한 전형적 정반대 함정.

Q10.다음 글의 메시지로 가장 APPROPRIATE한 것메시지3점

지문: How Social Media Shortens Your Life (Gurwinder)

Social media is engineered to speed up your time. The endless scroll, the algorithmic feed, the rapid succession of images and videos — all of it is designed to keep you moving, keep you stimulated, and keep you from lingering too long on any one thing. This constant acceleration has a hidden cost: it normalizes amnesia. When we scroll, we consume information without forming memories. Experiences pass through us like water through a net — momentarily felt but not retained. Memory formation requires attention: to remember something, we must attend to it, process it, and encode it into long-term storage. But social media actively discourages this kind of deep processing; it rewards speed and quantity over depth and quality. As a result, we consume more but remember less. And without memories, time loses its texture. Days and months blur into an undifferentiated stream. Life feels shorter — not because it is, but because so little of it is remembered.

(A) Social media's acceleration quietly prevents memory formation, so the perceived shortening of life follows from a depletion not of time itself but of remembered experience. (B) The human lifespan is shortened by using smartphones because radiation damages the brain's memory centers. (C) Because algorithmic feeds encourage deep processing, users of social media tend to develop richer and more textured memories. (D) Platforms should be praised for allowing users to experience more content in less time, even if retention suffers. (E) Memory loss is an inevitable feature of aging and has almost nothing to do with media environment.

✔️ 정답: (A)

해설: 결정적 근거는 마지막 두 문장 "Life feels shorter — not because it is, but because so little of it is remembered"이다. ① 가속 → ② 기억 형성 방해 → ③ 체감 단축이라는 3단 인과를 (A)가 그대로 요약한다.

🚨 오답 함정: (B)의 "radiation damages"는 본문에 전혀 없는 생리학적 가설 날조. (C)는 본문이 부정하는 "encourages deep processing"을 긍정문으로 뒤집어 쓴 정반대 함정. (D)는 저자의 비판적 tone과 모순.

Q11.다음 글의 제목으로 가장 APPROPRIATE한 것제목 / 요지3점

지문: The Multi-Trillion-Dollar Battle for Your Attention (Burnett et al.)

In our anxious age, increasing attention is being directed to our attention, and to the extraordinary and seemingly inescapable forces trying to exploit it. We definitely have an attention problem, but it is not merely a function of the digital technology that pings and beeps and nudges us. It starts with the way we think about attention in the first place. A seven-trillion-dollar industry views attention in the narrowest possible way: as something that can be operationalized, quantified, and profitably controlled. That narrow view has become so dominant that it pervades even our efforts at resistance — the countless well-meaning calls to "improve focus" and "avoid distraction." In trying to liberate ourselves, we have become anxious accountants of our own attention. Real attention, the authors insist, cannot be measured with a stopwatch or an app; it is deeper and more complex than the ability to get things done. To survive, and to build something better, we must rethink attention itself.

(A) How New Apps Can Help Everyone Improve Their Focus by Timing Each Task Precisely (B) The Seven-Trillion-Dollar Market Explains Why Digital Technology Must Be Banned (C) Beyond Stopwatch Thinking: Why Rescuing Attention Requires Rethinking Attention Itself (D) Why Accountants Are the Unseen Heroes of the Attention Economy (E) A Brief History of How Goldfish Became More Attentive Than Humans

✔️ 정답: (C)

해설: 핵심 논지는 "narrow, quantitative view of attention"을 넘어서야 한다 + "we must rethink attention itself"이다. (C)가 "Beyond Stopwatch Thinking" (정량화 넘어서기)와 "Rethinking Attention Itself"를 제목으로 정확히 포착.

🚨 오답 함정: (A)는 저자가 비판하는 "improve focus"형 해결책을 오히려 제목으로 내세운 정반대. (B)는 "must be banned"라는 본문에 없는 금지 주장. (D)는 "anxious accountants"라는 은유를 문자 그대로 오독. (E)는 "goldfish" 예시를 본론으로 착각한 부분 인용 함정.

Q12.다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 NOT하는 것NOT true3점

지문: The History of the Chicken

In an epic tale starting roughly ten thousand years ago, the domestic chicken can be traced to at least two wild ancestors, one of which — the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus — is still found from India to the Philippines. DNA analysis has recently confirmed the jungle fowl's position as the primary wild ancestor of the modern chicken. Once domesticated, trade and conquest carried the bird across continents over several millennia. Soon it became a sacred creature in many cultures: eggs adorned Egyptian temples to ensure the flooding of the river, Zoroastrian texts praised its dawn crowing as a declaration of the cosmic struggle between light and darkness, and Roman armies kept flocks on campaign to read omens before battle. Over the centuries the rooster, the male of the species, became a near-universal symbol of male reproductive power. Although historians once dismissed its cultural weight, we now recognize the chicken's profound influence on cuisine, art, science, and even religion.

(A) The red jungle fowl has been identified by DNA analysis as the primary wild ancestor of today's chicken. (B) Roman armies used chickens to interpret omens before battle. (C) In Zoroastrian tradition, the chicken's dawn crow was associated with a cosmic struggle between light and darkness. (D) Recent scholarship treats the chicken as a minor and short-lived influence on global cuisine and religion. (E) The chicken's global spread was driven primarily by trade and conquest over several millennia.

✔️ 정답: (D)

해설: 마지막 문장 "Although historians once dismissed its cultural weight, we now recognize the chicken's profound influence on cuisine, art, science, and even religion"가 결정적 근거. 본문은 recent scholarship이 chicken의 영향을 profound하다고 recognize한다고 했으므로, "minor and short-lived"이라는 (D)는 정반대. 나머지 네 선지는 모두 지문 사실과 일치한다.

🚨 오답 함정: (B)는 "omens before battle"을 본문 "read omens before battle"과 일치. (C)는 본문 "cosmic struggle between light and darkness"와 일치. 문장 표현을 거의 그대로 바꿔서 4개 선지가 모두 그럴듯하게 보이도록 설계 — 25년 기출의 "paraphrase 대조" 패턴.

Q13.다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 NOT하는 것NOT true · INCONSISTENT3점

지문: The Relativity Trap

In our daily lives we make sense of the multitude of choices we face through comparison. Imagine you have two items to buy: a pen and a new suit. You find a nice pen in a department store for $21 but recall that the same pen sells for $1 at a shop fifteen minutes away; most customers will make the journey. Minutes later you see a $500 suit, and another customer mentions that an identical one is sold for $480 at a store also fifteen minutes away. Now most customers will happily pay the full $500 on the spot. In fact, whether the $20 saved is on a pen or a suit is mathematically identical. Our minds, the researchers argue, are fooled by a relative rather than an absolute calculation; the original price of the item is irrelevant to the decision. The practical antidote is to think in absolute terms and look beyond the immediate situation.

(A) Comparing prices to a nearby reference point can lead shoppers into irrational decisions. (B) Saving $20 on a $500 suit is mathematically equivalent to saving $20 on a $21 pen. (C) Most shoppers are equally willing to travel fifteen minutes for a $20 discount regardless of the item's original price. (D) The essay recommends thinking in absolute, not relative, terms as a way out of the trap. (E) The essay attributes the irrational preference to a relative rather than absolute mode of calculation.

✔️ 정답: (C)

해설: 지문의 핵심은 shoppers가 pen의 경우에는 travel하지만 suit의 경우에는 full price를 낸다는 차이다. 따라서 "equally willing … regardless of the item's original price"는 지문 사실과 정반대. 나머지 네 선지는 모두 본문 서술과 일치한다.

🚨 오답 함정: (C)는 본문의 결론(두 상황이 mathematically 같다)을 행동 수준 일반화로 미끄러뜨린 함정 — 수학적 동치와 소비자 행동의 동치는 다르다. 25년 기출 "근거는 같지만 단위가 다른" 함정 패턴.

Q14.다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 NOT한 것 (NOT correct)은?NOT correct3점

지문: Philosophy in Movies

In an age when commercial interests drive most of cinema, genuine philosophical content is rare, yet three popular films still reward a philosophical viewer. The Matrix trilogy dramatizes the ancient Eastern question of what is real and what is illusion; Neo must overcome genetics, environment, and individual character before he can lead others toward freedom. In Avatar, Jake Sully transfers his consciousness into another body, illustrating the Eastern idea of a soul that learns across successive lives. The Truman Show raises the question of whether God is a kind of director and our family and friends scripted actors: Truman, alone in a fabricated town, does not know that his entire life is filmed for an audience. When he escapes the set, the image symbolizes freedom from genetic, environmental, and psychological scripting. Taken together, the three films invite viewers to see what lies beneath the surface of ordinary existence.

(A) In the Matrix trilogy, Neo must overcome genetics, environment, and individual character in order to guide others to freedom. (B) In Avatar, the main character's consciousness is transferred into another body. (C) The Truman Show presents ordinary human life as genetically, environmentally, and psychologically scripted. (D) Truman's eventual escape from the filmed set is presented as a symbol of freedom from scripted existence. (E) Because contemporary cinema is now driven almost entirely by philosophy, all three films were produced primarily as academic works rather than as commercial entertainment.

✔️ 정답: (E)

해설: 지문 첫 문장이 "commercial interests drive most of cinema"이고 "genuine philosophical content is rare"이다. 따라서 "cinema is now driven almost entirely by philosophy"는 지문과 정반대이고 "primarily … academic works"는 세 영화가 모두 상업 대중영화라는 상식·지문 모두에 어긋난다. (E)가 정답.

🚨 오답 함정: (A)의 "genetics, environment, and individual character"은 본문 "overcome genetics, environment, and individual characteristics"와 일치 (character ≈ characteristics). (C)는 본문 "Human life is also scripted by genetics, environment and psychological influences"와 일치 — 본문 어휘를 살짝 바꿔 그럴듯하게 만드는 25년 기출 전형.

Q15.주어진 문장이 들어갈 가장 APPROPRIATE한 위치문장 삽입3점

지문: The Chicken — From Sacred Bird to Industrial Protein

[삽입 문장] Yet that reverence survived intact for only a narrow span of human history, after which industrial economics decisively rewrote the bird's cultural meaning.

For most of the past three thousand years, the chicken was treated as a creature charged with meaning rather than as a source of cheap meat. ( ① ) Egyptian priests placed its eggs in temple offerings, Zoroastrian texts celebrated its dawn cry as a summons against darkness, and Roman commanders carried caged flocks into the field to read the will of the gods. ( ② ) After the Second World War, American and European agronomists began breeding hybrid broilers that reached slaughter weight in a fraction of the traditional time, and government programs promoted the bird as an affordable substitute for increasingly expensive beef. ( ③ ) By the 1970s, factories housing tens of thousands of birds could deliver a dressed carcass for less than the hourly wage of an unskilled worker, and chicken — once reserved for feast days in most European households — had quietly become the default protein of the weeknight dinner. ( ④ ) The shift was so rapid that a bird whose crow had once organized religious time was now valued chiefly for a carcass yield measured in grams per kilogram of feed. ( ⑤ ) Seen in this longer arc, the supermarket chicken is less a trivial commodity than the visible residue of a twentieth-century decision to trade symbolic weight for calories.

✔️ 정답: (B) ②

해설: ① 뒤 문장은 Egyptian priests, Zoroastrian texts, Roman commanders의 예시로 "creature charged with meaning"을 전개한다(= reverence). ② 뒤 "After the Second World War …"는 갑작스러운 산업화 국면으로 전환되므로, reverence → industrial economics 사이에 반전 연결이 필요하다. 삽입 문장 "Yet that reverence survived intact for only a narrow span … industrial economics decisively rewrote the bird's cultural meaning"이 바로 이 반전의 경첩이 되어, ② 자리에 들어가면 reverence → 산업화의 논리 공백이 정확히 메워진다.

🚨 오답 함정: (C) ③ 자리는 이미 ② 뒤에서 "After the Second World War … agronomists began breeding hybrid broilers"로 산업화 서사가 시작된 뒤이므로, "Yet that reverence survived …" 삽입 문장은 뒤늦게 들어가 서사 흐름을 역류시킨다. (A) ①은 reverence 예시가 제시되기도 전에 그 reverence를 전제로 요약해버려 선행 정보 부재 오류. (D)·(E)는 이미 산업화 결과가 서술된 뒤여서 "survived intact for only a narrow span"이 중복·부적절.

Q16.다음 글을 논리적 순서에 맞게 CORRECTLY 배열한 것글 순서3점

지문: Burnett — attention as quantifiable commodity

Critics of the platform economy argue that treating users as quantifiable clicks rather than as persons is not an accidental excess but a structural feature of the business model itself.

(A) From this vantage, dehumanization is not a moral slip committed by a few rogue engineers; it is the logical end of a system whose income depends on turning human attention into a number that advertisers can bid on.

(B) They point out that every design choice — endless scroll, autoplay, streaks, likes — follows from a single premise: that engagement must be measured, optimized, and sold, even when the thing being measured is a person's finite day.

(C) If that analysis is correct, then conventional proposals — more transparent terms of service, gentler notification defaults — treat only the symptoms, while the architecture that produced them remains untouched, waiting quietly for the next redesign.

✔️ 정답: (C) (B) – (A) – (C)

해설: 도입부(structural feature) 뒤에는 그 구조를 구체 예시로 풀어주는 (B)("every design choice … a single premise")가 와야 한다. premise가 확인된 뒤 (A)의 "From this vantage, dehumanization is the logical end…"이 요지 결론으로 이어지고, 마지막으로 (C)의 "If that analysis is correct, conventional proposals…"가 정책적 귀결로 자연스럽다. Vocab 53의 quantifiable, dehumanization, engagement, finite가 논리 전개 키워드.

🚨 오답 함정: (A)-(B)-(C)는 (A)의 "From this vantage"의 지시 대상이 불분명해 논리 공백. (B)-(C)-(A)는 (C)의 "If that analysis"가 정리되기 전 등장해 부자연스럽다.

Q17.다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문법적으로 NOT 옳은 것문법 (분사구문)3점

지문: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling (분사 구문 혼합)

For four long years, Michelangelo (A) working on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, a commission that would come to define the rest of his life. (B) Leaning backward for hours on improvised scaffolding, he allowed paint to drip into his face until his eyes were nearly ruined. His letters, (C) written between prayers and complaints, record a man who felt abandoned by everyone but his assistants. The frescoes above, (D) gazed at each year by millions of visitors, still carry the mood of that solitude; and biographers now agree that the ceiling is less a monument to faith than to the quiet rebellion (E) of the exhausted master.

✔️ 정답: (A) working → worked

해설: (A)를 포함한 첫 문장 "For four long years, Michelangelo working on the ceiling…"은 주절 본동사가 없는 비문이다. 뒤에 "a commission that would come to define…"이라는 동격 명사구만 있어, (A)는 본동사 worked가 되어야 한다. (B)는 적법한 분사구문(주어 he 일치), (C)는 letters를 수식하는 과거분사, (D)는 frescoes를 수식하는 과거분사, (E)는 of + 명사구로 문법적으로 문제 없다.

🚨 오답 함정: (D) "gazed at"을 고르는 학생이 많다 — frescoes는 "gazed at"의 수동 대상이므로 과거분사 형태가 정확하다(능동으로 착각하기 쉬움). 25년 Q20 분사구문 오류 식별 패턴 복제.

Q18.밑줄 친 낱말의 쓰임이 APPROPRIATE하지 NOT한 것어휘 쓰임3점

지문: Fingerprints 응용

For most of modern history fingerprints have been treated primarily as tools of (A) identification: unique, unchanging, and legally useful. Yet evolutionary biologists have grown restless with this narrow framing. The grooves on the human fingertip, they point out, did not evolve so that twenty-first-century police could match suspects to crime scenes; they evolved long before any database existed. Recent studies suggest that the ridges increase tactile (B) sensitivity, channel sweat to improve grip on wet surfaces, and reduce (C) abrasion during sustained manual work. Identification, from this angle, is not the fingerprint's purpose but rather an (D) inherited defect of a physiology designed for something older and more practical. To call a fingerprint "yours" in a courtroom sense is therefore to describe a recent cultural (E) use of a much older biological fact.

✔️ 정답: (D) inherited defect → incidental byproduct

해설: "not the fingerprint's purpose but rather a _____ of a physiology designed for something older"라는 대조 구조는 "목적이 아니다" ↔ "부수적 결과이다"라는 의미적 대립을 요구한다. "inherited defect(유전적 결함)"는 부정적 흠을 뜻해 physiology의 기능성(tactile sensitivity, grip, abrasion 감소)과 충돌한다. 맥락상 Vocab 53의 byproduct(40번)를 써서 incidental byproduct(우연한 부산물)로 바뀌어야 한다.

🚨 오답 함정: (C) abrasion은 평소 자주 안 쓰는 단어라 학생이 여기서 오답을 찍기 쉽다 — 하지만 "reduce abrasion during manual work"는 "손이 까지는 것을 줄인다"는 뜻으로 맥락 완벽 일치. (B) sensitivity는 tactile과 자연스러운 collocation이므로 정상.

Q19.밑줄 친 낱말의 쓰임이 APPROPRIATE하지 NOT한 것어휘 쓰임3점

지문: Burnett — fracking metaphor 응용

Burnett argues that today's platforms treat human attention the way the petroleum industry once treated underground reservoirs: as a (A) finite resource that can be drilled, extracted, and sold. Every push notification, every algorithmic feed, is a kind of cognitive (B) extraction, and the language of "engagement" politely conceals a quietly (C) invasive operation on our inner life. What makes this crisis especially severe is that, unlike oil, attentional reserves leave no receipt when they are spent; citizens internalize the (D) disillusionment of stimuli as a routine and mistake exhaustion for engagement. The rescue of democratic life, he concludes, will therefore require the (E) dismantling of the infrastructure that treats consciousness itself as a quantifiable commodity.

✔️ 정답: (D) disillusionment → overabundance

해설: "internalize the _____ of stimuli as a routine and mistake exhaustion for engagement"에서 밑줄 자리는 "자극의 과잉"이라는 양적 특성이 필요하다. Vocab 53의 overabundance(52번)가 정답. "disillusionment(3번 환멸)"는 감정 상태 명사라 "of stimuli"와 collocate하지 않고, 뒤의 "mistake exhaustion for engagement"라는 양적 소진 논리와도 연결되지 않는다. 나머지 네 단어(finite, extraction, invasive, dismantling)는 모두 Vocab 53에서 이 지문 계열과 정확히 collocate.

🚨 오답 함정: (C) invasive는 Vocab 53 단어라 오히려 학생이 "어려운 단어니까 틀렸을 것"이라 의심하기 쉽다 — 하지만 "invasive operation"은 medical·surgical metaphor로 완벽 자연스럽다. (E) dismantling은 Burnett 해결책으로 본문에 반복 등장한 필수 어휘.

킬러 포인트: 정답 (D)도 Vocab 53 단어(3번 disillusionment) — "Vocab 단어라고 다 맞는 건 아니다"를 보여주는 설계. 단어 뜻을 정확히 알아야 collocation 위반을 감지할 수 있다.

Q20.요약문 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 APPROPRIATE한 것요약문3점

지문: Sunk Cost Bias + Relativity Trap 통합 요약

Behavioral economists describe two recurring traps in everyday judgment. The sunk cost bias is the stubborn tendency to let past expenditures dictate present choices: a viewer stays for a disappointing film's final half hour because leaving early would "waste" the time already spent. The relativity trap is a similar but distinct error in the present: we judge a price, a salary, or a raise not in absolute terms but against whatever comparable figure happens to sit beside it — a $20 discount feels enormous on a $21 pen and negligible on a $500 suit, even though the dollars saved are mathematically identical. In both cases, the researchers argue, clear thinking requires the same corrective move: to treat the reference point for what it is and evaluate the decision on its own merits.

[요약문]
Although the sunk cost bias pulls judgment backward toward (A) costs and the relativity trap pulls it sideways toward a nearby comparison, both errors can be corrected only when the decision is evaluated in (B) rather than relational terms.

(A) recoverable --- (B) emotional (A) irreversible --- (B) absolute (A) negotiable --- (B) relative (A) future --- (B) absolute (A) irreversible --- (B) comparative

✔️ 정답: (B) irreversible --- absolute

해설: (A)는 sunk cost의 본질이 "이미 써서 돌이킬 수 없다"는 점 = Vocab 53의 irreversible(22번). (B)는 두 trap 모두에서 해법이 "reference point에서 벗어나 절대적으로 평가"이므로 absolute. "rather than relational"과 짝을 이뤄 대조를 완성한다.

🚨 오답 함정: (A) "recoverable"은 sunk cost 개념의 정반대(본문 "investment back regardless of future results"와 모순). (C) "relative"는 correction의 반대 개념으로 (B)로 들어갈 수 없다. (E) "comparative"는 매력적이지만 본문이 "absolute"와 "relational"의 명시적 대조를 이미 설정했으므로 (B)보다 덜 정확.

Q21.서술형 · 문학·수사 분석 (영문 작성)FRQ 20점

지문: Hamlet and The Lion King

Read the following passage again and write a response in English 7 to 10 sentences that analyses how the author develops the parallel between Hamlet and The Lion King.

The modern entertainment landscape may have lost touch with classical influences, yet Disney's 1994 film The Lion King shadows Shakespeare's Hamlet so closely that, by plot alone, Simba can be read as a direct representation of Prince Hamlet. Each prince runs from the responsibility of avenging a murdered father; each father returns as a ghost whose revelations leave much to interpretation; each villain — Claudius and Scar — casually drives his country into war. Even the comic reliefs mirror each other: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern beside Timon and Pumbaa, each pair quietly reminding the hero of his duty.

<조건>

Use all four of the following words at least once: responsibility, revenge, parallel, resemblance (repetition allowed).
Include at least one concessive–contrastive structure such as "Although …, yet …" or "Whereas …, …".
Refer explicitly to both works (Hamlet / The Lion King) and to at least one secondary pair (Claudius/Scar OR Rosencrantz&Guildenstern/Timon&Pumbaa).
Total length: 7–10 English sentences.

📝 영문 7–10문장. 4개 단어 모두 1회 이상 사용 + 양보/대조 구문 포함.

✔️ 모범답안 (9 sentences)

(1) Although The Lion King is often dismissed as a simple children's cartoon, yet the film carries a clear parallel to Shakespeare's Hamlet. (2) Each story opens with a son learning that his father has been murdered. (3) The central responsibility placed on both princes is the same: they must revenge the dead king. (4) Yet neither hero acts quickly, and the delay itself becomes a source of tragedy. (5) The two fathers even return in ghostly form with half-veiled instructions, producing a close resemblance in tone. (6) The villains reinforce the pattern as well, since Claudius and Scar both usurp the throne and drive their realms toward war. (7) Disney even preserves the comic reliefs: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in Shakespeare are echoed by Timon and Pumbaa in Disney, and each pair quietly reminds the hero of his duty. (8) Through this layered parallel, the author argues that modern entertainment is never as new as it appears. (9) Classical themes, once established, survive by changing costume while keeping the same moral skeleton.

채점 기준 (20점):

조건 ① 4단어(responsibility/revenge/parallel/resemblance) 모두 최소 1회 사용: 5점 (한 단어 누락 시 -2점)
조건 ② 양보/대조 구문 포함: 3점 ("Although ~ yet" 형태 권장)
조건 ③ 두 작품 + 보조 인물 쌍 언급: 4점
조건 ④ 문장 수 7–10: 2점 (6 이하 또는 11 이상 시 -2점)
내용 정확성·논리 전개: 6점

🚨 감점 함정: "resemblance"를 "similar"로 대체하거나 "parallel"을 "similarity"로 바꾸면 원형 사용 의무 위반으로 단어당 -2점. "Although"만 쓰고 "yet"을 생략하면 concessive 구문 ②에서 -1점. 두 작품 중 하나만 언급하거나 보조 인물 쌍을 전혀 언급하지 않으면 조건 ③에서 -4점. 25년 기출 FRQ1이 요구한 "구체적 구절 + 수사 기법" 구조를 그대로 답습한다.

Q22.서술형 · 개념 요약(우리말) + 영작(1문장)FRQ 20점

지문: Burnett — Fracking Our Attention

아래 영문 단락의 핵심 주장을 우리말 3문장 이내로 요약한 뒤, 같은 주장을 영어 한 문장(25단어 이내)으로 다시 쓰시오.

Burnett argues that our new technological lives operate on an extractive profit model that amounts to the systematic fracking of human beings — pumping vast quantities of high-pressure media content into our faces to force up a plume of the vaporous yet intimate stuff called attention, which now trades on the open market. Increasingly powerful systems ensure that our attention is never truly ours. Literacy, the two-century ideal of liberal democracy, is therefore being displaced as the primary civic need by attensity — the cultivated capacity to attend to objects, language, and other people together.

<조건>

우리말 요약은 3문장 이내, 마지막 문장은 반드시 "따라서" 또는 "그러므로"로 시작할 것.
우리말 요약 전체에서 Vocab 53 중 manipulation, finite, consciousness, personal agency 네 단어의 우리말 뜻(조작 / 유한한 / 의식 / 개인의 주체성)을 각각 최소 1회 활용할 것.
영어 한 문장은 25단어 이내이며, "not merely A but B" 구문을 포함할 것.

📝 우리말 3문장(결론은 "따라서/그러므로") + 영어 1문장(≤25 words, "not merely A but B").

✔️ 모범답안

[우리말 요약 — 3문장]
① Burnett는 플랫폼이 우리의 주의를 석유처럼 채굴할 수 있는 유한한 자원으로 보고, 고압 미디어를 통해 그것을 뽑아내 시장에 파는 방식을 조작(manipulation)이라고 비판한다.
② 이 과정에서 우리의 의식(consciousness)은 점차 우리 것이 아니게 되고, 주의는 알고리즘이 선택한 대상에 묶여버린다.
③ 따라서 민주주의에 필요한 것은 더 이상 literacy가 아니라, 개인의 주체성(personal agency)을 지탱하는 지속적 집중 능력, 즉 attensity이다.

[영어 1문장 — 23 words]
To defend one's attention is not merely a private lifestyle choice but a civic act that protects democratic consciousness from systematic commercial extraction.

채점 기준 (20점):

조건 ① 3문장 이내 + 결론 "따라서/그러므로": 4점
조건 ② 네 단어 우리말 뜻 모두 활용 (각 1점): 4점
조건 ③ 영어 1문장 ≤25단어 + "not merely A but B": 6점
Burnett 핵심 논지 세 층위(extraction / displaced literacy / attensity) 반영: 6점

단어 수 확인: 모범 영작은 "To(1) defend(2) one's(3) attention(4) is(5) not(6) merely(7) a(8) private(9) lifestyle(10) choice(11) but(12) a(13) civic(14) act(15) that(16) protects(17) democratic(18) consciousness(19) from(20) systematic(21) commercial(22) extraction(23)." = 23단어 (조건 25단어 이하 충족).

🚨 감점 함정: "조작", "유한한", "의식", "개인의 주체성" 중 한 단어라도 누락되면 각 -1점. 영어 문장을 "not only A but also B"로 쓰면 조건 ③의 "not merely A but B"와 다른 구문으로 간주되어 -3점. 단어 수를 26 이상 쓰면 -2점. "따라서"를 ② 문장 시작에 넣고 결론 문장이 아닌 경우 조건 ①에서 감점. 영문 문장이 Burnett의 핵심 대조(private vs civic)를 놓치면 내용 점수에서 -3점 이상.

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