📐 Scoreshake Real DSAT #17 복습 드릴

The American continents are home to a huge diversity of languages, from Xerente, found in places like Brazil in South America, to Tojolab'al, found in places like Mexico in North America. Much like the continents themselves, the variety of native languages in the Americas is ______

The minor planet 8764 Gallinago was named after the animal genus that includes snipes, but given the sheer number of minor planets that have been discovered (more than 500,000 so far), most are given only an identification number. Because any name given to a minor planet needs to be unique to that body, naming each would be ______

Drivers who strongly believe that the toll they must pay to use the Fort Madison Toll Bridge, which spans the Mississippi River to connect Iowa and lllinois, is currently too high are likely to be ______ arguments for increasing the toll. Advocates for a higher toll are likely to have more success if they instead direct their arguments toward a more persuadable segment of the population.

The following text is adapted from Virginia Woolf's 1919 novel Night and Day. Katharine is the granddaughter of a celebrated poet.

[Katharine's] descent from [a celebrated poet] was no surprise to her, but matter for satisfaction, until, as the years wore on, certain drawbacks made themselves very manifest. Perhaps it is a little depressing to inherit not lands but an example of intellectual virtue; perhaps the conclusiveness of a great ancestor is a little discouraging to those who run the risk of comparison with him.

Thomas Piketty and other historians of capitalism rarely discuss domestic capitalism in Africa before the period of European colonization, implicitly presenting capitalism as external to and imposed on Africa. Crislayne Alfagali and other Africanist scholars have shown, however, that in parts of Africa, export-oriented manufacturing, the existence of salaried labor, and other features of capitalism predated colonization. One reason for this discrepancy is that historians of capitalism tend to focus on longitudinal economic data drawn from archival records, which do not exist for much of pre-colonial Africa.

Companies involved in petroleum extraction include drilling equipment among their assets. But petroleum extraction is a very carbon-intensive industry, so as government agencies increase regulations on carbon emissions, demand for petroleum falls, and the drilling equipment will eventually, or even suddenly, become a liability as reduced petroleum prices make it more difficult to recover the expense of maintaining such equipment.

Why do rusty-spotted cats purr but lions roar? Researchers hypothesize that this difference between the two feline species may be partly due to a U-shaped bone in their throats called the hyoid. Rusty-spotted cats, which are much smaller than lions, have a rigid hyoid that rumbles when the cat's larynx vibrates, resulting in a purr. By contrast, lions have a somewhat flexible hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull with a stretchy ligament that rusty-spotted cats lack. These traits allow lions and most other species of big cats to produce powerful roars. The same traits may also prevent most big cats from purring.

Biologists Christina Zdenek, Damian Candusso, and their team exposed various snakes to airborne sound and recorded whether they moved toward or away from the sound. The table shows the results for three of the snakes observed in the study. Based on the table, a student concludes that Glory and Boss behaved similarly in the sound trials.

Among the most visited art museums in the world, the Museo Reina Sofía in Madrid had approximately 4.4 million visitors in 2019. The Museo Reina Sofía also offers virtual tours that art lovers can view online for free. Although there were initial concerns that people who viewed the virtual tours would then consider an in-person visit unnecessary, museum administrators claim that their surveys of in-person visitors show that those concerns were unjustified.

The Clouds is a 423 BCE play by Aristophanes, originally written in ancient Greek. At the time, professional intellectuals called sophists taught customers rhetorical techniques to use in public speaking, along with providing instruction in other subjects. In the play, Aristophanes satirizes sophists as teaching people to speak dishonestly, as seen when the character _______.

Scientists recently created a model to predict how increasing pest activity will affect future mammal population sizes in US national forests. Unfortunately, when the model is applied to large forests, its predictions for large-mammal populations are too high, and when applied to small forests, its predictions for small-mammal populations are too high. Salmon-Challis National Forest in Idaho is a large forest covering more than 4 million acres. If used to evaluate the effect of increasing pest activity on this forest in ten years, the model would likely, therefore ______

Humans have a very strong bias toward right-handedness, with approximately 85-90% having right as their dominant hand. Among studies of nonhuman primates, G. Haas's 1958 study of captive gorillas reported more right-handed individuals than left-handed ones, but Lesley J. Rogers and Gisela Kaplan's 1995 study of wild orangutans did not find a tendency toward right-handedness. It's important to note, however, that captive animals spend significantly more time with humans than wild animals do, and therefore ______

Used in everything from food to cleaning products, emulsifiers are compounds that serve to stabilize an emulsion—a mixture of two or more liquids that otherwise would not easily blend together. The emulsifiers used by _____ like oleic acid allow these scientists to blend oil and water into homogeneous formulations such as lotions and perfumes.

Many mechanical calculators were powered by a notched cylinder mechanism called the Leibniz wheel. Leibniz wheel calculators were popular in the first half of the twentieth _____ these ingenious devices were eventually replaced by electronic calculators.

Nigerian American artist Toyin Ojih Odutola uses black-ink pens to create highly detailed drawings of human figures. Her portrait of novelist Zadie _____ is displayed in the National Portrait Gallery in London.

The constitution of Australia, enacted in 1901, enshrines 11 total rights across 17,318 words of text. According to constitutional scholar George Tsebelis, who examines the implications of constitutional length on civil rights, _____ 102nd in a global ranking of the shortest constitutions.

Residents of Jaipur, India, rely on its rapid transit system, the Jaipur Metro, for millions of trips each year. _____ city officials strive to maintain the system’s 11 stations to ensure each of these journeys is as smooth as possible.

Digital sculpting, used by digital artists to develop 3D assets for video games, yields objects with precise mathematical proportions. Granted, as they are formed from perfect geometric shapes, such 3D elements lack organic realism; _____ post‐modeling processes such as UV surface mapping are needed to achieve the level of verisimilitude gamers expect.

The Redwood Restoration Initiative is projected to reforest 2,000 acres, enough to offset nearly half a million tons of carbon dioxide over the next decade. As its name indicates, the initiative—currently in development—focuses on planting new redwood trees in degraded coastal areas of California. _____ the plan calls for 800,000 saplings to be placed across 300 acres near Redwood National Park.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to help ships and other watercraft navigate at night.
• Before automation, lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.
• Elizabeth Riley was the lighthouse keeper at North Point Light in Maryland, from 1834 to 1857.
• Thelma Austin was the lighthouse keeper at Point Fermin Light in California, from 1925 to 1941.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• If a moon orbiting a planet comes close enough to that planet, tidal forces can cause the moon to break apart.
• In a 2022 study, researchers proposed that Saturn was once orbited by a large moon they named Chrysalis.
• Their simulations indicated that Chrysalis would likely have come very close to Saturn around 160 million years ago.
• At that distance, Chrysalis would have been broken apart by tidal forces.
• The researchers hypothesized that the resulting debris formed Saturn’s rings.

• Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, populations of Black Americans increased in many cities around New York State.
• During this time, many Black newspapers were founded.
• These newspapers were largely by and for the Black communities in which they were based.
• The Northern Star and Freeman’s Advocate ran from 1842 to 1843 in Albany, New York.
• The Crusader ran from 1853 to 1854 in New York City, New York.

• Birds of Northern South America is an identification guidebook by ornithologists Robin Restall, Clemencia Rodner, and Miguel Lentino.
• It lists thirty‐five hummingbird species found in Suriname.
• The green‐throated mango is a large hummingbird found in Suriname.
• It is identifiable by its green throat and its long, black, curved bill.
• The horned sungem is a medium‐sized hummingbird found in Suriname.
• It is identifiable by its distinctive multicolored, tufted crown and its short, black, straight bill.

Scholars long thought that the initial spread of silk beyond China occurred in the second century CE, but this view has been ______ by new archaeological evidence from South Asia that reveals that the people of the Indus Civilization made use of silk at least 1,000 years earlier.

The following text is from Yung Wing's 1909 memoir My Life in China and America. Yung Wing was the first person from China to graduate from a US university.

Little did I realize when in 1845 I wrote, while in the Morrison School, a composition on "An Imaginary Voyage to New York and up the Hudson," that I was to see New York in reality. This incident leads me to the reflection that sometimes our imagination foreshadows what lies uppermost in our minds and brings possibilities within the sphere of realities.

The following text is from Jerome K. Jerome's 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog). The narrator and two friends are taking a boat down the River Thames in England.

In a boat, I have always noticed that it is the fixed idea of each member of the crew that he is doing everything. Harris's notion was, that it was he alone who had been working, and that both George and I had been imposing upon him. George, on the other hand, ridiculed the idea of Harris's having done anything more than eat and sleep, and had a cast-iron opinion that it was he—George himself—who had done all the labour worth speaking of.

Studies of ocean wave breaking have predominantly focused on traveling waves (those propagating along the horizontal plane), so Mark McAllister et al. utilized a circular wave tank to produce and study spike waves, axisymmetric standing waves that can erupt vertically when traveling waves propagating in opposing directions intersect. Traveling waves break when wave steepness (height-to-length ratio) passes a critical threshold; breaking thus constrains wave height. McAllister et al. found that spike waves can exceed that constraint, as other factors than just steepness (e.g., jet stability and cavity shape) mediate spike-wave breaking.

Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that animals' foraging behaviors reflect cost-benefit trade-offs that vary by species and with dynamic ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunar intensity, which Joel Brown and colleagues found to be negatively associated with foraging by Arizona pocket mice but Patricia C. Wright found to be positively associated with foraging by three-striped night monkeys. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT: the monkeys' greater reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them more than it benefits the mice.

Nautilids are marine mollusks that begin growing their shells before emerging from their eggs and continue to add shell segments throughout their lifetimes. The walls between their shells' chambers are called septa, and the deeper the water in which a septum forms, the greater the concentration of the isotope oxygen-18 the septum will contain. Since temperature falls as depth increases, if the area of ocean a nautilid inhabits is known, this isotopic signature can reveal the temperature at which its septa formed. Paleontologist Amane Tajika and colleagues examined each of the septa in two nautilid shells and concluded that septum sample M23 formed at a temperature of 14.0°C whereas sample F02 formed at 20.8°C.

Some animals evade predation with the help of contrasting markings that signal toxicity. Lisa Taylor and team studied how jumping spiders behave toward termites (their regular prey) to which solid black, solid white, or black-and-white striped (i.e., contrasting) capes were affixed. Each spider was placed in a clear container in the center of a circular dish in which six termites, two with each of the three cape types, could be seen. Noting which termites the spiders first looked at and which termites they ultimately targeted, the researchers concluded that contrasting markings were a deterrent.

Whistler waves are low-frequency plasma waves that on Earth are typically generated by lightning. Numerous recordings of whistler waves on Venus have led many scientists to suggest that the planet's atmosphere is host to extensive amounts of lightning, and, in fact, Venusian whistler waves have similar energy signatures to those of whistler waves generated by lightning on Earth. The majority of Venusian whistler wave data come from two spacecraft mission s— the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) and the Venus Express (VEX) - which have included few observations of other phenomena consistent with lightning occurrences (such as flashes of light), leading other scientists to suggest that ______

In the world's democracies, proportionally few elected representatives are young adults. While some philosophers argue that certain types of underrepresentation (of women, for example) are unfair in principle and should be remediated via quotas, there is broad agreement that youth underrepresentation is not inherently unfair since it is universal (all people are underrepresented when young), temporary (underrepresented young people become overrepresented older people), and reflective of a legitimate concern (lack of relevant experience). Accordingly, when philosopher Juliana Uhuru Bidadanure advocates for youth quotas for elected representatives, she does so on the basis of their instrumental value for promoting youth interests, arguing that ______

"Paper Dragons" by James P. Blaylock, The Ape's Wife and Other Stories by Caitlin R. Kiernan, and "Confess the Seasons" by Charles L. Grant are all pieces of literature that have won the prestigious World Fantasy ______ the works received the honor in the categories of short story, collection, and novella, respectively.

All member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO—including Iceland, which joined in 1949; Hungary, which joined in 1999; and Bulgaria, which joined in ______ are committed to NATO's principle of collective defense, each member pledging to defend all others.

Multidisciplinary at its core, ______

At the Chicxulub asteroid impact crater in Mexico, the presence of many fossilized microbacteria, which seem to have thrived there despite the extreme heat that persisted after the Chiculub impact, ______ claims that bacteria are among the planet's most resilient organisms.

In Xu Bing's art installation Book from the Sky, each one of the thousands of faux Chinese characters—printed in precise columns on the trio of long scrolls that swoop across the ceiling, on the rows of open books that undulate along the floor, and on the paper walls that stand to the sides—______ no meaning. Invented by Bing, the characters present plausibly and grandiosely, inviting yet punishing those who yearn to decode them.

Reena Esmail, an Indian American classical composer, incorporates Indian musical elements into her work. Esmail's 2013 violin and piano composition Jhula-Jhule intertwines the melodies of two Indian folk ______ in TaReKiTa, a 2016 choral composition, Esmail features onomatopoeic notes imitating the sounds of the tabla, a type of Indian drum.

The Museum of Modern Art's vast collection of oil paintings, which includes James Ensor's Tribulations of Saint Anthony and Yasuo Kuniyoshi's Self-Portrait as a Golf Player, ______ among its most captivating offerings.

The traditional process of Turkish paper marbling (ebru) generally proceeds like this: First, the artisan fills a shallow tray with a water bath solution. Next, the artisan adds inks or paints to the solution, which can then be manipulated into intricate designs. ______ the artisan slips paper in and out of the liquid, transferring the design onto the paper.

In the early 1900s, sculptor and collector Gerbude Whitney was one of the foremost champions of avant-garde art, helping many US avant-garde artists gain publicity and exposure. ______ Whitney offered to donate more than 500 avant-garde works to be displayed at a leading New York museum, but the museum said no—so she opened her own, the Whitey Museum of American Art.

Upper-atmospheric jets—phenomena whereby electrical discharges cause narrow cones of blue light to briefly burst upward from the tops of thunderclouds—have been observed reaching the ionosphere. The extreme altitudes involved (the ionosphere begins about 80 km above Earth) mark these gigantic jets as outliers; ______ the majority of jets reach heights of only 20 to 50 km.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In music theory, the term "key" refers to the set of musical notes that forms the foundation of a piece of music.
• In Ideas Toward an Aesthetic of Music (1806), German poet and composer Christian Schubart describes the moods of various musical keys.
• He describes the key of C minor as expressing "longing."
• In Règles de Composition (1682), French composer Marc-Antoine Charpentier undertakes the same task.
• He describes the key of C minor as "obscure and sad."
• "Don't Speak" by No Doubt (1996) is a song written in C minor.

• The Paralympic Games are a series of international sporting events involving athletes with an impairment.
• A gold medal indicates that an athlete finished in first place.
• Swimming has been an event at the Paralympics since 1960.
• Béatrice Hess competed as a Paralympic swimmer from 1984 to 2004.
• She won twenty-five medals.
• Of these medals, twenty were gold.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• A 2022 study analyzed geotagged social media posts to assess the effect of parks on happiness in 25 US cities.
• The happiness benefit of a city's parks was the numeric difference between the calculated happiness scores of posts made in parks and posts made elsewhere.
• A benefit above 0 indicates a positive effect.
• The park happiness benefit in San Francisco, California, was greater than 0.10.
• The park happiness benefit in Washington, DC, was greater than Obut less than 0.10.
• The average happiness benefit of parks across all cities was 0.10.

The graph of the function  is shown, where .