📐 Scoreshake Real DSAT #18 복습 드릴

Portable video game consoles and other small electronic devices tend to ______ batteries that can't be easily taken out and swapped for new ones. Environmental policy researcher Carl Dalhammar warns that when these internal batteries stop working, the devices are usually thrown away, becoming harmful waste.

A team of archaeologists examined 150 spherically shaped limestone rocks called spheroids that date back about 1.4 million years, concluding that early hominins intentionally chipped away at rocks to form these spheroids over time. The fact that their attempt to make the stones as round as possible was ______ suggests that early hominins may have been more cognitively sophisticated than previously thought.

The following text is adapted from George Bernard Shaw's 1905 play “Major Barbara.” 

LADY BRITOMART: You must learn to face life seriously, Stephen. I really cannot bear the whole burden of our family affairs any longer. You must advise me: you must assume the responsibility. 

STEPHEN: I! 

LADY BRITOMART: Yes, you, of course. You were 24 last June.

The discoverers of the minor planet 2731 Cucula named it after the animal genus that includes cuckoos. Most of the recently discovered minor planets, however, are given only an identification number, a trend that can be ______ to there being over 500,000 such bodies known at present, making it nearly impossible to find a unique name for each.

Saturn is the first planet in our solar system to be discovered to have more than 100 moons orbiting around it. A team of astronomers using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) in Hawaii detected 62 undiscovered moons that were previously too small or too dim to see. Saturn now outranks Jupiter as the planet in our solar system with the most observed moons.

The following text is from George Eliot's 1857 short story "The Sad Fortunes of the Rev, Amos Barton." In the text, the narrator addresses the reader directly and alludes to a discussion among Rev. Amos Barton's neighbors. 

It was happy for the Rev, Amos Barton that he did not, like us, overhear the conversation recorded in the last chapter. Indeed, what mortal is there of us, who would find his satisfaction enhanced by an opportunity of comparing the picture he presents to himself of his own doings, with the picture they make on the mental retina of his neighbours? We are poor plants buoyed up by the air-vessels of our own conceit: alas for us, if we get a few pinches that empty us of that windy self-subsistence! The very capacity for good would go out of us.

Dubautia carrii is among the twenty-eight species of silversword plants found only on the Hawaiian archipelago that collectively illustrate the process of adaptive radiation, or the rapid diversification of an ancestral species into different, related species. Each silversword species is physically distinct, with mature plant forms ranging from trees and shrubs to vines. However, they all descended from a common tarweed plant species, with their unique physical characteristics emerging as they adapted to the archipelago's many specific habitats over time.

Text 1

Ollantay is a play in Quechua, an Indigenous language in South America. The play portrays life in the Inca Empire before Spain invaded in the 1500s. Yet the oldest known text of the play is from 1770, and in many places its writing style resembles the writing style of Spanish plays from the 1700s. Thus, Ollantay was probably created in the late 1700s by someone who knew much about the Inca past.

Text 2

Ollantay includes details of Inca society that a writer in the 1700s wouldn't have known about. Also, the play's structure matches descriptions of the structure of Inca drama from the 1500s. The obvious explanation is that Ollantay itself is an Inca work from the 1500s. It could have been performed continuously from the 1500s to the 1700s. By the time it was written down in 1770, it could have easily been influenced by later Spanish plays.

In a period of great prosperity during his reign, Egyptian pharaoh Amenemhat III (circa 1800 BCE) had a pyramid with a massive substructure built at Hawara. The underground complex was largely dismantled in antiquity, but accounts of its splendor remain, including one from Greek historian Herodotus, who claimed to have seen it. In his Histories (circa 425BCE), Herodotus writes of 3,000 chambers adorned with carved figures, a dozen courts flanked by white stone pillars, and many winding passages in the complex, characterizing it as a great labyrinth and "an unending marvel."

Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10-12 days, so seasonal changes in food availability and other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in chromosome rearrangements in species such as D. robusta and D. mediopunctata. Drosophila body size (for which wing centroid size serves as a proxy measure) correlates with reproductive fitness. Banu Sebnem Önder and Cansu Fidan Aksoy measured the wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yesilöz, Turkey, that were collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research suggests that Drosophila collected in relatively warmer months should tend to have greater reproductive fitness, as is illustrated by the finding that ______

Hawaiian home lands are areas of public land in the state of Hawaii that have been reserved for use by the Kanaka Maoli, or the Native Hawaian people. The largest of the home lands, Homuula-Upper Piihonua, covers nearly 100 square miles on the island of Hawai'i. Most of the home lands are much smaller. For example, the total area of Honokaia is 5.03 square miles, and the total area of Kapaakea is ______

The Age of lnnocence is a 1920 novel by Edith Wharton set in New York City in the 1870s. In the novel, Newland Archer attends an opera; in the audience is May Welland, with whom he is romantically involved. Newland visualizes the details of a future with May: ______

Water flowing around an obstruction creates vortices (patterns of swirls) of varying size; by detecting the vortices, fish can determine the size and position of the obstruction. Testing by Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, Otar Akanyeti, and lames C, Liao using models of three head shapes --- narrow (low ratio of width to length), intermediate, and wide (high ratio of width to length) --- showed that for large vortices, fish with intermediate heads would be better able than wide-headed fish to distinguish between vortices and general turbulence in the water. A second research team has therefore hypothesized that in low-visibility conditions, intermediate-headed fish will be more likely than wide-headed fish to detect obstructions that create large vortices.

Founded in 1965 and originally established as a cultural extension of the United Farm Workers—a union representing many Mexican American agricultural workers at the time—the theater troupe El Teatro Campesino has achieved recognition as a source of inspiration for subsequent Chicano theater companies and as a contributor to the dramatic arts. In an article about the company, a theater historian posits that a significant stylistic influence on El Teatro's early performances was the audience-mediated slapstick comedy of carpa theater, vaudeville-style shows popular in Mexico and the US Southwest in the 1920s and '30s.

Artist Yto Barrada's exhibition Ways to Baffle the Wind incorporates sculptures, textiles, and films. Barrada's pieces, utilizing elements as disparate as plant-dyed fabrics, wire crab traps filled with stones, and cotton balls dangling above a fan, ______ the ways humans attempt to organize and regulate nature.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the singer Frank "Machito" Grillo performed with Cuba's most popular dance orchestras. However, the fusion of Latin music and American jazz that Machito innovated while performing in New York City is what has ______

Used in everything from food to cleaning products, emulsifiers are compounds that serve to stabilize an emulsion–a mixture of two or more liquids that otherwise would not easily blend together. The emulsifiers used by ______ like polysorbate 20, allow these scientists to blend oil and water into homogeneous formulations such as lotions and perfumes.

Assembling ______ by hand and in painstaking detail, Nigerian American artist Njideka Akunyili Crosby works at a methodical pace when completing her massive, collage-based paintings.

Like almost every country in the world, Britain has been allocated an international dialing prefix to help route incoming international calls. First assigned to Britain in the 1960s Red Book, a directory published by a United Nations telecommunications agency, ______

The constitution of Mexico, enacted in 1917, enshrines 81 total rights across 57,087 words of text. According to constitutional scholar Dominic j. Nardi, who examines the implications of constitutional length on civil rights, ______ 185th in a global ranking of the shortest constitutions.

Between July 3 and August 15 each year, particles shed by comet 169P/NEAT enter Earth's atmosphere at a velocity of 23 kilometers per second. Relatively few of these particles are likely to reach Earth's ______ since the meteoroids’ compression of the air surrounding them causes the vast majority to burn up in the mesosphere, producing the Alpha Capricornid meteor shower.

Residents of Dalian, China, rely on its rapid transit system, the Dalian Metro, for millions of tips each year. ______ city officials strive to maintain the system's 69 stations to ensure each of these journeys is as smooth as possible.

Procedural modeling, used by digital artists to develop 3D assets for video games, yields objects with precise mathematical proportions. Granted, as they are formed from perfect geometric shapes, such 3D elements lack organic realism; ______ post-modeling processes such as motion capture are needed to achieve the level of verisimilitude gamers expect.

Teams from 32 countries gathered in Brazil in 2014 for the World Cup of men's soccer. The event, which is held every four years, now features teams from all over the world. The World Cup used to be much smaller and more limited geographically, ______ The 1934 event in Italy included only 16 teams, most from Europe and the Americas.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Most of the plant and bird species in Oahu, Hawaii, are non-native.
• In a 2019 study, researchers wanted to know what role non-native birds play in dispersing plant seeds in Oahu.
• Researchers catalogued plant seeds found in fecal samples from non-native birds.
• Psydrax odorata, a flowering shrub, was one of fifteen native species catalogued
• Hedychium gardnerianum, an herbaceous vine, was one of twenty-nine non-native species catalogued.
• Researchers concluded that non-native birds play a vital role in dispersing the seeds of native and non-native plants.

• Birds of Northern South America is an identification guidebook by ornithologists Robin Restall, Clemencia Rodner, and Miguel Lentino.
• It lists the thirty-five hummingbird species found in Suriname.
• The green-throated mango is a large hummingbird found in Suriname
• It is identifiable by its green throat and its long, black, curved bill.
• The amethyst woodstar is a small hummingbird found in Suriname
• It is identifiable by its green back and its short, black, straight bill.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• 1905: US astronomer Percival Lowell begins searching beyond Neptune for a mysterious planet he calls "Planet X."
• 1916: Lowell dies but leaves money to upgrade his observatory.
• 1929: A new telescope is built at the observatory.
• February 1930: Observatory assistant Clyde Tombaugh records the first photographic evidence of Planet X.
• March 1930: Astronomers rename Planet X, calling it Pluto to honor Lowell (the first two letters are Lowell's initials, PL).

Some pieces of music might have ______ meanings—the compositions of Rosa Guraieb lend themselves to as many different interpretations as there are people to listen to them—and so as long as a listener's interpretation isn't willfully absurd or the result of inattention, it is difficult to justify the claim that the listener has misunderstood the piece.

The following text is adapted from Neera's 1886 novel Teresa, translated by Martha King in 1998. 

Beyond the [porch] extended a piece of land, with some exaggeration called a garden. In truth, it had some flower beds that at first sight confirmed the illusion, particularly at that time of year; since the pansies were in bloom with their infinite shades, with the intense velvet of their dark leaves and the luminous silk of their pale leaves.

If confirmed by other researchers, a newly reported measurement of W boson's mass could ______ the dominant theory of particle physics, the standard model, as the new measurement differs significantly from the standard model's prediction of the elementary particle’s mass.

Studying wrappers from discontinued candies, cover images from out-of-print magazines, and posters promoting concerts by long-forgotten musicians may seem like a frivolous pursuit, but ephemeral objects like these are useful as ______ cultural change, revealing shifts in norms, values, and concerns that traditional objects of historical inquiry may not.

The following text is from William Carlos Williams's 1925 creative nonfiction book In the American Grain. Williams is discussing how works by nineteenth-century US poet and fiction writer Edgar Allan Poe were received by American readers. 

Poe must suffer by his originality. invent that which is new, even if it be made of pine from your own yard, and there's none to know what you have done. lt is because there's no name. This is the cause of Poe's lack of recognition. He was American. He was the astounding, inconceivable growth of his locality.

To prevent excessive microbial growth in the closed habitat of the International Space Station, relative humidity is carefully maintained. Nonetheless, Veillonella parvula and other bacteria, which have the potential to damage spacecraft materials, can ______ when routine crew-member activities (e.g., handwashing) produce localized humidity conditions that exceed the specified maximum for the station overall.

Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that animals’ foraging behaviors reflect cost-benefit trade-offs that vary by species and with dynamic ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunar intensity, which Joel Brown and colleagues found to be negatively associated with foraging by Arizona pocket mice but Deborah J. Curtis and colleagues found to be positively associated with foraging by mongoose lemurs. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT: the lemurs’ greater reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them more than it benefits the mice.

The Truelove, first published in 1992, is a novel in Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes twenty books plus an unfinished fragment of a twenty-first. Some critics have found fault with the abrupt endings of The Truelove and other books in the series, saying that they do not finish conclusively but arbitrarily stop. But other critics argue that the books should not be thought of as discrete texts with traditional beginnings and endings but as a single incredibly long work, similar toother multivolume stories, such as Anthony Powell's A Dance to the Music of Time.

Text 1 

In separate studies, Marine Fernandez and colleagues and Xinhua He and colleagues examined whether plants transfer nutrients to one another using a common mycorrhizal network (CMN)—a lattice of fungal strands in the soil. Fernandez and colleagues excluded all pathways other than the CMN by using barriers to keep the plants' root systems separate while allowing mycorrhizal strands through—a crucial step He and colleagues' study did not take. 

Text 2 

Fernandez and colleagues took the necessary precaution of separating the plants' root systems (thereby excluding root-to-root transmission). However, any barrier used must allow the thread-like hyphae of a CMN to pass through, and this permeability would also allow liquids through. Thus, the researchers' experimental design cannot ensure that any nutrient transfer observed can be attributed to a CMN and not to some other pathway.

Founded in 1996, the Museum of Latin American Art showcases modern and contemporary art by Latin American artists and Latino artists in the United States. It is located in Long Beach, California, and has more than 1,300 objects in its collection. Since 2000, a number of other institutions devoted to Latino cultures have opened in the United States. A notable example is LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes in Los Angeles. It focuses on Mexican American art and culture.

Ratified in 2017 by two-thirds of World Trade Organization member nations, the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) is a trade-reform measure that aims to reduce redundant customs procedures and other costly aspects of international trade. In a 2021 report, economist Jayson Beckman modeled global market prices of several agricultural commodities under both the TFA and an alternative trade reform scenario: removal of agricultural tariffs (taxes on imports that generally increase prices on imported goods). After reviewing data from the report, a student concludes that overall, consumers of the commodities listed in the table would likely benefit more from the TFA than they would from tariff removal.

The bird species Piculus flavigula (the yellow-throated woodpecker), which forages in relatively dense vegetation, and Willisornis poecilinotus (the common scale-backed antbird), which forages in open areas or low-density vegetation, share territory in French Guiana with Thamnomanes caesius (the cinereous antshrike), which emits a loud alarm call when it detects predators. Biologist Ari Martinez and colleagues, who studied the ecological community the species share, hypothesized that there is an inverse relationship between birds' field of vision while foraging and their sensitivity to alarm calls from neighboring species.

In 1900, in collaboration with Cherokee cultural historian Will West Long, white ethnographer James Mooney assembled a collection of traditional oral stories related to him by Cherokee elders. Based on their content, Mooney categorized them into various genres: historical traditions, tales of animals, and so on. Noting that some stories feature detailed descriptions of geographic locations in the Cherokee homeland, Mooney demarcated those as a genre he referred to as “wonder stories.” While Long and Mooney’s collaboration proved valuable as an act of cultural preservation, it is important to bear in mind that Cherokee people are not known to have applied genre divisions to their stories before Mooney’s work. There is, therefore, _____

The single origin hypothesis of iron metallurgy posits that the craft originated in Anatolia (West Asia) circa 2200-2000 BCE before diffusing to other parts of the world, including Africa. Some proponents of the hypothesis argue that iron production technologies first arrived in North Africa through Carthage, where the earliest evidence of ironworking dates to approximately 800-600 BCE, before these technologies spread to sub-Saharan Africa over the following centuries. However, excavation of multiple sites on the Adamawa plateau in Central Africa conducted by Etienne Zangato and Augusün Holl uncovered evidence of iron workshops that may have been in operation as late as 900-750 BCE in Gbabari and as early as 2300-1900 BCE in Ôboui and Gbatoro. These findings suggest that ______

Anthropogenic noise (sounds from human sources like traffic or mining) can affect animals, as Soledad Lucia Uran and colleagues found in a 2012 study of brown rats. A meta-analysis of more than 100 such studies examining various species found that, for every study, relevant traits or behaviors of the animals were observably different between the exposed group and the otherwise similar but unexposed group, regardless of whether that difference was beneficial or detrimental for the exposed group. So while a study of birds might show a difference that benefits the exposed group, and a study of mammals might show a difference that's harmful to the exposed group, both differences are substantial. Therefore, the results of the meta-analysis suggest that ______

To measure changes in parasite abundance over time, Chelsea Wood and colleagues counted parasite individuals preserved on specimens of striped sea perch, surf smelt, and six other fish species collected from Puget Sound between 1880 and 2019. Using statistical models to estimate historical populations, the researchers determined that for every 1°C increase in annual average sea surface temperature, the abundance of complex life cycle parasites like Lecithaster sp. that require at least three unique host species throughout their life cycle decreased by 38%. However, the abundance of Bomolochus bellones and other directly transmitted parasites, which require only one host species, was essentially unchanged. These findings suggest that ______

The 1948 founding of the American GI Forum and the 1946 Mendez v. Westminster court decision are regarded as important events in US civil rights ______ former establishing a Latino rights advocacy group and the latter legally affirming the rights of Latino students.

The historian's books about Millard Fillmore ______ what she is best known for, but she is also well regarded for her scholarship on Thomas Jefferson.

The poem “Naomi,” which was published in 1960, contains three signature elements of Gwendolyn Brooks’s poetic ______ compressed lines infused with bursts of vivid imagery; syncopated rhythms, largely inspired by the blues tradition; and a keen attention to everyday life in Brooks’s South Side Chicago neighborhood.

The Museum of Modern Art's vast collection of oil paintings, which includes James Ensor's Tribulations of Saint Anthony and Yasuo Kuniyoshi's Self-Portrait as a Golf Player, ______ among its most captivating offerings.

A loose confederation of cities from eleven modern-day countries, the Hanseatic League was a powerful mercantile alliance that dominated northern European trade between the 13th and 17th centuries. Hanseatic League member ______ was serendipitously located on the Warnow River in Germany, giving Rostock's merchants access to key maritime trade routes.

A staunch supporter of women's voting rights, Wilhelmina Kekelaokalaninui Widemann Dowsett sought to coordinate the efforts of suffragists in her native Hawaii. ______ in 1912, she founded the National Women's Equal Suffrage Association of Hawaii, an organization that lobbied for women's voting rights in the US territory.

In quantum physics, Karen Barad's theory of agential realism—which emphasizes the entanglement, or "intra-action," of human and nonhuman actors—is a foundational rebuke to the dualistic subject-object divide that has undergirded scientific epistemology for centuries. ______ Barad's theory presents a paradigmatic shift in the scientific understanding of reality and the quantum world.

Upper-atmospheric jets—phenomena whereby electrical discharges cause narrow cones of blue light to briefly burst upward from the tops of thunderclouds—have been observed reaching the ionosphere. The extreme altitudes involved (the ionosphere begins about 80 km above Earth) mark these gigantic jets as outliers; ______ the majority of jets reach heights of only 20 to 50 km.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Katrin Heer, Larissa Albrecht, and Elisabeth K.V. Kalko published a study in 2010. 
• In it, the researchers found that ingestion by bats had a neutral effect on the germination of Ficus nymphaeifolia plant seeds. 
• Mikaela Marques Pulzatto and M.S. Dainez Filho published a study in 2017. 
• In it, the researchers found that ingestion by bats had a negative effect on the germination of Ficus luschnathiana plant seeds. - Reinaldo Chaves Teixeira, C. Corrêa, and E. Fischer published a study in 2009. 
• In it, the researchers found that ingestion by bats had a positive effect on the germination of Ficus pertusa plant seeds.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Waiting is a 1987 black-and-white linocut print by Kuwaiti artist Thuraya Al-Baqsami. 
• It depicts a tranquil, everyday scene (a woman in a headscarf gazing out a window). 
• iSera toda nuestra! ("It will all be ours!") is a 1977 color linocut print by Mexican American artist Carlos Cortéz. 
• It features a scene with an explicitly political point of view (a group of laborers preparing to go on strike). 
• Lino cutting is an inexpensive printmaking technique in which an image is carved onto linoleum tile, covered in ink or paint, and stamped onto paper.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes. 

• Between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the city of Timbuktu was part of the Songhai Empire. 
• Timbuktu was a center of trade and scholarship in the Sahara desert. 
• The city was known for its hundreds of thousands of written manuscripts on both secular and religious subjects. 
• The manuscripts survive today in dozens of private libraries across the city. 
• The Pearls Leading to Accepted Guidance is one of these manuscripts the student wants to introduce. 

The scatterplot shows the relationship between two variables,  and .

A researcher created a data set by recording the daily low temperature, to the nearest integer, for each of the 31 days in December 2022 in a town in Illinois. The frequency table summarizes this data set.