The following text is from Mark Oshiro’s 2018 novel Anger Is a Gift. In the novel, Moss and his friends are on a subway train in Northern California.

Lights from the outside world then filled the train car as it rose out of the ground and climbed the elevated track. As long as Moss had lived in West Oakland, he’d never tired of this specific view, so he pointed toward the windows. “Check it,” he said, and the Port of Oakland began to pass by them.

The following text is adapted from John Matheus’s 1925 short story “Fog.”

The fog extended its tentacles over city and river, gradually obliterating traces of familiar landscapes. At five-thirty the old Panhandle bridge, supported by massive sandstone pillars, stalwart, as when erected fifty years before to serve a generation now passed behind the portals of life, had become a spectral outline against the sky.

Although the government of the Soviet Union attempted to ____ Georgi Vladimov’s novel Faithful Ruslan, copies of the book circulated in secret among readers in several parts of the country.

Although the clustering of information technology firms in Northern California is often cited as typical of industrial agglomeration, Giulia Faggio et al. use UK data to show that the mix of factors driving the phenomenon is ____ across industries: while the potential for knowledge spillovers can prompt agglomeration, collocation among tube manufacturers occurs for different reasons.

The following text is from Anne Spencer’s 1922 poem “Translation.”

We trekked into a far country,
My friend and I.
Our deeper content was never spoken,
But each knew all the other said.
He told me how calm his soul was laid
By the lack of anvil and strife.
“The wooing kestrel,” I said, “mutes his mating-note
To please the harmony of this sweet silence.”

The 2021 novel My Heart Is a Chainsaw confirmed that Stephen Graham Jones is one of the most talented writers of horror fiction today. By featuring main characters who are Blackfeet, like Jones himself, the novel also helped to ensure that Indigenous people have a place within the horror genre. But Jones is hardly the only Indigenous voice in horror: Lisa Fuller, a member of the Murri people of Australia, has also written in the genre. Her acclaimed 2019 young adult novel Ghost Bird is set in a Murri community in Queensland, Australia.

Horizontal gene transfer involves the exchange of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. It is common among prokaryotes (single-celled organisms, such as the bacteria Enterococcus cecorum and Moraxella caviae). The process can have the effect of increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics; as such, an understanding of how to prevent horizontal gene transfer might result in the mitigation of dangerous pathogens (organisms that cause disease).

In 2013 Oona M. Lönnstedt and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior of Pomacentrus amboinensis, a species of fish. However, Lönnstedt and colleagues’ study relied on a mean sample size of only about 28 fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists’ conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Jeff C. Clements and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.

The Osage Nation, the Seminole Nation, and the more than thirty other tribes in Oklahoma operate numerous businesses and generate billions of dollars in revenue. An economics student is researching the tribes' collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare the average contribution per employee of the tribal economic activity to other industries listed in the table. According to the data, the average contribution per employee of the tribal economic activity is ______

Uncle Vanya: Scenes from Country Life in Four Acts is an 1898 play by Anton Chekhov, originally written in Russian. In the play, Professor Serebrakoff and his wife Helena have come to stay at their country estate, which Vanya manages with the help of Sonia, the professor’s daughter from a previous marriage. Chekhov depicts Vanya’s opinion of Professor Serebrakoff as having changed significantly, as is evident when ______

Jia Hu and colleagues hypothesized that workplace leaders who reflect on lessons learned from past mistakes are likely to exhibit more humility than leaders who don’t engage in such reflection. To test this, the team placed 301 managers in one of three groups. Participants in two experimental groups were asked to reflect on a mistake, one group focusing on a mistake that resulted in learning and the other group focusing on a mistake that didn’t result in learning. Participants in a control group were asked to reflect on their daily routine. All the participants then described how they would respond to a workplace scenario. After evaluating the responses for evidence of humility, the researchers concluded that their hypothesis was correct.

Nora Ephron’s 1983 novel Heartburn is regularly described as autobiographical. That characterization is apt—there are many parallels between the experiences of the novel’s narrator, Rachel Samstat, and those of Ephron—but it should not be taken to mean that all the people and events depicted in Heartburn are based on actual people and events. The novel is largely pure invention, and readers who neglect this fact and instead try to identify more and more real-life analogues thus risk ______

What is the correct pronunciation of Kiribati? In the Gilbertese language spoken by residents of the island nation, the letter combination -ti makes the -s sound; as a result, the country’s name _____ pronounced “Kiribas.”

Both Arteaga, in the state of Coahuila, and Lagos de Moreno, in the state of Jalisco, have been designated by Mexico as pueblos mágicos (magical villages) to celebrate these _____ natural beauty and unique cultural traditions.

The size of bird eggs varies widely across species, and the researchers, _____ computer imaging to compare the lengths of eggs from species like Chloroceryle americana and Francolinus coqui, aimed to shed light on the evolutionary basis for such variation.

In his work, acclaimed Cahuilla _____ Gerald Clarke uses basketry, acrylic paintings, and other mediums to explore Native perspectives on truth and beauty.

Voting members of the 2006 Latin Grammys were impressed by Los Tigres del Norte’s album Historias Que Contar and its contribution to the norteño genre, a form of regional Mexican music featuring accordion and bajo sexto guitar that first developed in northern Mexico in the late nineteenth century. _____ they awarded the group the Best Norteño Album award.

As anthropologist Cristina Grasseni explains, with the rise in demand for artisanal cheeses claiming to be typical of specific Italian regions, such as Pecorino Siciliano cheese from Sicily, came the need to guarantee the veracity of such claims to consumers. ______ the European Union established DOP status, a label certifying that the cheese was made according to the region’s local traditions.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Chromosomes are cellular structures that contain genes.
• Genes carry critical instructions for determining an organism’s physical traits.
• The fennec fox and the red fox are both species of foxes.
• As a species, the fennec fox has sixty-four chromosomes.
• As a species, the red fox has thirty-four chromosomes. 

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Crown shyness is a phenomenon in which the tops (crowns) of neighboring trees grow close together but don’t overlap.
• To explain how this happens, Australian forester M.R. Jacobs proposes the mutual abrasion theory.
• According to Jacobs’s theory, when trees brush against one another, branches break off.
• Malaysian scholar Francis S.P. Ng posits the mutual shade avoidance theory.
• According to Ng’s theory, when tree branches detect shade from nearby trees’ branches, they stop growing. 

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 2017, a research team led by Mary Caswell Stoddard determined the average lengths of eggs produced by various bird species.
• Acrocephalus scirpaceus is a species of bird in the order Passeriformes.
• Acrocephalus scirpaceus eggs had an average length of 1.80 cm.
• Alcedo atthis is a species of bird in the order Coraciiformes.
  
• Alcedo atthis eggs had an average length of 2.19 cm.  

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Understanding the history of science is critical for understanding how knowledge evolves.
• Anna Vickers was a French algologist born in 1852.
• She is known for her research on algae in the Canary Islands.
• Margaret Crosfield was a British geologist born in 1859.
• She is known for her research on the hills of Northeast Wales.  

The following text is from Rudolfo Anaya's 1972 novel Bless Me, Ultima. The young narrator is eating breakfast with his two sisters in their home in rural New Mexico.

I sat across the table from Deborah and Teresa and ate my atole and the hot tortilla with butter. I said very little. I usually spoke very little to my two sisters. They were older than I, and they were very close. They usually spent the entire day in the attic, playing dolls and giggling. I did not concern myself with those things. 

The percentage of US forest land that a 2023 federal report identified as being either mature or old growth exceeds other recent estimates. Given how little ____ there is among scientists regarding the scope of these categories, this discrepancy shouldn’t be surprising: forest researchers regularly dispute one another’s classifications.

Some robots such as KHR-1 (developed in 2004) and Sophia (developed in 2015) feature humanoid characteristics like bipedal locomotion so that people will find it easier to interact with them. While these features can help to ____ feelings of comfort in people, a robot that looks too human can fall into the “uncanny valley,” meaning that its appearance unintentionally unsettles those who encounter it.

Karam Kang has demonstrated that lobbying does little to alter the probability that a particular energy policy under consideration by the United States Congress will be enacted, but lobbying is not as ____ as this finding seems to suggest. As Kang herself notes, lobbying can shape which policy proposals members of Congress bring forward for consideration in the first place.

People sometimes dismiss a claim if it comes from a source they regard as self-interested, but from a strictly logical perspective, the source of a claim is ____: it has no direct bearing on whether the claim is true.

When people think of dinosaurs with feathers, they typically think of winged dinosaurs, such as the four-winged Microraptor. However, many dinosaurs that didn’t have wings also had feathers on their bodies. For instance, research indicates that the wingless, peacock-sized Caudipteryx likely had feathers.

The following text is from Annie Dillard’s 1987 autobiographical novel An American Childhood. The narrator is a young girl living in Pittsburgh.

I walked. My mother had given me the freedom of the streets as soon as I could say our telephone number. I walked and memorized the neighborhood. I made a mental map and located myself upon it. At night in bed I rehearsed the small world’s scheme and set challenges: Find the store using backyards only. Imagine a route from the school to my friend’s house.

Joseph A. Walker’s award-winning play The River Niger was produced in 1972 by the groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Company (NEC). NEC cofounder Robert Hooks, an actor, producer, and activist, had met actor and playwright Douglas Turner Ward while they were performing in a 1960 touring production of Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raisin in the Sun. Together, they envisioned a theater company that would nurture and showcase the work of Black theater professionals. Since NEC’s founding in 1967, its workshops and performances have given Black playwrights, including Walker, a forum for their compelling stories.

The food industry has long used thermal technologies to preserve food in large batches. Recent advancements in ohmic heating were made through research in Brazil on the preservation of acerola pulp. Ohmic heating is generally considered to be an improvement over more conventional thermal preservation methods: whereas conventional methods transfer energy from the surface of a food to its interior, ohmic heating passes electric current through food products to generate heat within the food itself, thus reducing industrial cooking times.

“Tomato” is an example of a loanword—that is, a word that originated in one language and was later adopted by another. The word came to English indirectly from tomate, the Spanish word for the widely cultivated plant. Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central Mexico, in which the word’s original form is tomatl. “Barbecue” is also Indigenous in origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this case, the original source was Taino, a language of the Caribbean islands, in which the word for the cooking technique is barbakoa.

In terms of total area, the Navajo Nation is the largest tribal nation in the United States. It covers 24,425 square miles in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. Most tribal nations in the US are much smaller. For example, the total area of the Muscogee Nation in Oklahoma is 4,867 square miles. And in Montana, the total area of the Blackfeet Nation is _____

While doing research for a paper about copper mining, a student finds a table with information about four different countries. The student notes that the country that mined 0.73 million metric tons of copper in 2020 had mined ____.

“A Pair of Silk Stockings” is a 1897 short story written by Kate Chopin. In the story, Chopin suggests that the protagonist, Mrs. Sommers, experiences a shift in her sense of self as a result of putting on certain articles of clothing, writing, _______

A student in an economics course is examining the decline since 1950 in average hours worked per person per year in various nations due to both increased productivity and the adoption of policies that limit working hours. The first task in this investigation is to determine how the decline in Brazil compares to that in other countries. The student finds that ____.

The Mammillaria cactus M. phitauiana occurs naturally only in the state of Baja California Sur in Mexico, and the smallness of its range makes it especially vulnerable to extinction. The traditional single-species approach to conservation emphasizes the need to focus on individual species most at risk, like M. phitauiana, but recently, conservationists have argued that an ecosystem-based approach that incorporates the many interactions between the climate, terrain, and various species of a given geographical area may lead to better outcomes for all the species in a given location. If this view is correct, the single-species approach to the conservation of M. phitauiana could thus ____.

It is widely known that New York City’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) ____ a vast collection of oil paintings, including Franz Marc’s The World Cow and Katherine S. Dreier’s Abstract Portrait of Marcel Duchamp.

An accomplished birder might be able to spot thousands of different species over the course of a career, from Milvus migrans to Gallinula chloropus, but no birder has ever achieved the ultimate ____ an in-person glimpse of all 10,000-plus species of birds.

In 1987, chemist Ahmed Zewail devised a novel technique in optical spectroscopy that allowed him to study ultrafast chemical reactions occurring within molecules. Years later, he ____ for this groundbreaking research with the Robert A. Welch Award and the Priestley Medal from the American Chemical Society and hence would become known as the father of femtochemistry.

Today, the Michelin Guide is widely known as the arbiter of fine dining, with its coveted 3-star rating being awarded to top restaurants like Jade Dragon in ____ when brothers Andre and Edouard Michelin created the guide in 1900, it was little more than a marketing gimmick—a way to increase profits for their tire company by encouraging their customers to drive across France, visiting the guide’s recommended hotels and restaurants along the way.

When attempting to determine a fault’s seismic history, geophysicists like Dr. Estella Atekwana at the University of Delaware rely in part on data about the fault’s physical dimensions and geological _____ the Juniper Mountain fault in Malheur County, Oregon, the US Geological Survey compiles such data in several ways: by exchanging information with state geological surveys, by linking maps of the fault with sources that offer detailed descriptions of it, and by maintaining a database of quantitative data such as the fault’s length (17 km).

For Italy, a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1949, NATO’s principle of collective defense confers both benefits and _____ organization’s many members, nations as disparate as the US and Lithuania, are all bound to defend Italy, the reverse is also true.

If you could travel in a spaceship to Elara, one of Jupiter’s many moons, you’d find a moon with a prograde orbit. This means that Elara orbits Jupiter in the same direction that Jupiter rotates on its axis. _____ at Harpalyke, another Jovian moon, you’d find an example of a retrograde orbit, with the moon revolving around Jupiter in the opposite direction.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Scientists have long sought to determine the origin of glass in Chile’s Atacama Desert.
• A 2017 study concluded that ancient grass fires had melted the area’s sandy soil into glass.
• In 2021, a different study revealed that the mineral signatures of glass samples were consistent with the mineral signatures of comet samples collected by NASA.
• That study concluded that the glass had formed as a result of a cometary explosion close to the desert’s surface.

• Maya Lin is a US artist known for her memorials and large-scale installation artworks.
• She became famous in 1982 when she completed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which consists of two 246-foot granite walls.
• She completed Groundswell in 1993.
• It is an installation composed of glass that fills an entire gallery room.
• She completed Water Line in 2006.
• It is an installation composed of aluminum tubing that fills an entire gallery room.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The El Carmen-Verde Mountains are a mountain range located in northwestern Mexico.
• The range is one of the dozens of “sky islands” in the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico.
• A sky island is an isolated mountain range whose environment differs drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands.
• The US Forest Service (USFS) said, “The mountains are ‘islands’ surrounded by deserts that are ‘seas.’”
• The USFS said, “Each Sky Island is a unique ecosystem.”

• The Paralympic Games are a series of international sporting events involving athletes with an impairment.
• A gold medal indicates that an athlete finished in first place.
• Frank Höfle competed as a Paralympic cross-country skier from 1988 to 2006.
• He won seventeen medals, ten of which were gold.
• Daniel Dias competed as a Paralympic swimmer from 2008 to 2020.
• He won thirty-eight medals, twenty-five of which were gold.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called umami.
• Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including salmon and caramelized onions.
• Participants in a study tasted a sample of sugar kelp, a type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as moderate.
• The participants tasted a sample of hidaka-konbu, another type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as high.

Today, the mobile application Instagram is thought of exclusively as a photo- and video-sharing program, but image-sharing was originally _____ the app’s main purpose, which was to allow users to indicate their locations to other users in real-time. Only once it became clear how popular the secondary feature of image-sharing was did the company shift to making that the app’s centerpiece.

The following text is from Lady Gregory’s 1904 play Spreading the News. Mrs. Tarpey, Bartley, and Mrs. Fallon have been buying and selling goods at the local fair.

MRS. TARPEY: Good morrow, Bartley Fallon; good morrow, Mrs. Fallon. Well, Bartley, you’ll find no cause for complaining to-day; they are all saying it was a good fair.

BARTLEY: (Raising his voice.) It was not a good fair, Mrs. Tarpey. It was a scattered sort of a fair. If we didn’t expect more, we got less. That’s the way with me always; whatever I have to sell goes down and whatever I have to buy goes up. If there’s ever any misfortune coming to this world, it’s on myself it pitches, like a flock of crows on seed potatoes.

Community science, which involves professional scientists collaborating with amateur science enthusiasts to study a topic, is often an effective and engaging way to conduct research. It can allow people to assist with conservation efforts, spark youth interest in science, and increase the amount of data researchers can collect. This approach was essential to the success of a study by biologist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues of how butterfly color relates to flower choice, which included findings from hundreds of students and community members in northwestern Arkansas.

Text 1

In separate studies, Marine Fernandez and colleagues and Hualiang Zhang and colleagues examined whether plants transfer nutrients to one another using a common mycorrhizal network (CMN)—a lattice of fungal strands in the soil. Fernandez and colleagues excluded all pathways other than the CMN by using barriers to keep the plants’ root systems separate while allowing mycorrhizal strands through—a crucial step Zhang and colleagues’ study did not take.

Text 2

Fernandez and colleagues took the necessary precaution of separating the plants’ root systems (thereby excluding root-to-root transmission). However, any barrier used must allow the thread-like hyphae of a CMN to pass through, and this permeability would also allow liquids through. Thus, the researchers’ experimental design cannot ensure that any nutrient transfer observed can be attributed to a CMN and not to some other pathway.

Using the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a team of astronomers mapped out the magnetic field of G47, one of the Milky Way’s galactic bones (dense clouds of gas and dust that run through the middle of the arm of a spiral galaxy). Surprisingly, the map revealed a magnetic field with no clear pattern or direction. The researchers had expected the magnetic field to be similar to the more uniform fields seen in galactic bones in other arms of the Milky Way.

The following text is from Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1830 short story Sir William Phips.

Few of the personages of past times (except such as have gained renown in fireside legends as well as in written history) are anything but mere names to their successors. They seldom stand up in our Imaginations like men. The knowledge, communicated by the historian and biographer, is analogous to that which we acquire of a country by the map,—minute, perhaps, and accurate, and available for all necessary purposes, but cold and naked, and wholly destitute of the mimic charm produced by landscape painting.

In what is now Minnesota, the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community operates the Hoċokata Ti, a cultural center. Relying on traditional knowledge to guide the design of exhibits, this institution presents Dakota history and culture to the tribe’s citizens. The Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa, a tribe in North Dakota, employs a similar strategy in its own cultural center. Both centers contrast with museums that aren’t Indigenous-led; when displaying Indigenous artifacts, such museums tend to anticipate mainly non-Indigenous audiences and rely on Euro-centric strategies for designing exhibits.

Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review board tasked with adding new sites to the Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places, which includes Menehune Fishpond, a historic Hawaiian fishpond, and the Wailuku School, built in 1904. Okinaka doesn’t make such decisions single-handedly, _____ historical designations must be approved by a group of nine other experts.

Recently unearthed Neronian tools in France dating to 54,000 years ago and attributed to Homo sapiens may provide evidence that interactions between Neanderthals and modern humans occurred 10,000 years earlier than was previously ______ finding that, if true, would overturn current theories about H. sapiens migration during the Upper Paleolithic.

Though he’s performed on many respected albums, including Loud Jazz by John Scofield, drummer Dennis Chambers may be best known for his time as house drummer for the hip-hop label Sugar Hill Records. He did not play drums on the label’s classic song “Rapper’s _____ he joined the label after the song’s release.

A 2022 study by researchers Hala Altamimi and Qiaozhen Liu investigated the relationship between nonprofit arts organizations’ spending and performance. _____ the researchers examined the correlation between how much 22,328 US arts nonprofits spent on overhead—operational costs such as equipment and fundraising—and how many people attended their events (a measure of overall success).

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Merle Oberon (1911–1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay), India.
• She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.
• She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.
• Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such as her role in Strange Evidence (1933).
• Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Jill Baker in That Uncertain Feeling (1941). 

Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
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Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
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Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
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Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
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• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
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• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
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• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
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• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
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The table below shows the values of 𝑥 and their corresponding values of 𝑦 for a linear function.

The graph below shows a circle with center (2,3) and radius 4 units.

In the right triangle shown below, the lengths of the legs are 7 units and 24 units.

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
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• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
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Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
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