📐 Scoreshake Real DSAT #25 복습 드릴

The following text is from Billie Jean King's 2021 autobiography All In.

[P]eople on both sides of my family had repeatedly \underline demonstrated an independent streak. In the end, that was the temperament I gravitated toward, too. Both the Moffitts and the members of my mother’s clan, the Jermans, came from mining and oil-geyser towns on the western frontier. They kept their heads down and worked, worked, worked. But they also bucked convention.

The Yupno people of the remote Finisterre Range of Papua New Guinea do not measure age and have no artificial means (e.g., clocks) of tracking time, but this does not imply that the Yupno are ______ time. As Rafael Núñez and colleagues have recently shown, the Yupno language contains many temporal expressions, such as kalip bishap, which translates to “past times.”

“Eyes of Zapata” is an English-language short story by Sandra Cisneros. It occasionally includes Spanish words and phrases. The English text surrounding these words and phrases ______ their meaning, so readers who aren’t familiar with Spanish can easily read the story. Ana Castillo takes the same approach in her novel So Far from God.

The following text is from Charles Dickens's 1861 novel Great Expectations. The narrator is taking a walk near his home on a damp morning.

On every rail and gate, wet lay clammy, and the marsh mist was so thick, that the wooden finger on the post directing people to our village—a direction which they never accepted, for they never came there—was invisible to me until I was quite close under it.

When a landscape with native megafaunal (large-bodied) mammalian herbivores experiences a substantial decline in those populations, it loses a functional component of plant ecology. Introducing non-native proxy species has been beneficial in some such cases, but the reasonable concern persists that ecosystems may be negatively affected by species that didn't coevolve with local vegetation. Scholarly analysis of findings from 221 studies revealed no evidence that nativeness mediates the ecological effects of megafauna, however, determining instead that other traits, such as diet selectivity, are more germane.

In factories, humans and robots often work together. A research team ran an experiment to find out how working with robots affects relationships between human coworkers. The experiment included teams working together to make electric motor parts. One type of team included only humans and the other type included both humans and robots. Participants were paid for their work and were asked about their willingness to share their earnings with their human teammates. Participants from teams with robots were more likely to share with each other than participants from teams with only humans were.

Steve Carter's award-winning play Eden was produced in 1976 by the groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Company (NEC). NEC cofounder Douglas Turner Ward, who worked as an actor, director, and playwright, had met actor and producer Robert Hooks while they were performing in a 1960 touring production of Lorraine Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun. Together, they envisioned a theater company that would nurture and showcase the work of Black theater professionals. Since NEC's founding in 1967, its workshops and performances have given Black playwrights, including Carter, a forum for their compelling stories.

What is a city? The answer depends on where you live! Many countries define an area as a city based on how many people live there. However, not every country uses the same numbers. Albania defines a city as an area with a population of at least 400, while Greece defines a city as having a minimum population of 10,000. Some countries even define cities using other factors, like the number of buildings in the area.

Stores often play background music to create a pleasant shopping experience. Based on a survey, Amir Manzoor found that such music was linked to reduced enjoyment among customers. Manzoor thinks that one explanation for this result is that the surveyed customers may have wanted to finish their shopping as quickly as possible. They therefore weren't focused on enjoying the experience. It's possible that background music could improve the experience of other customers whose main goal is to have a good time while they shop.

The 1980 production of A Lesson from Aloes was the first Broadway show for which Susan Hilferty was credited as a costume designer. Hilferty was among the Broadway costume designers interviewed by Sara Jablon-Roberts and Eulanda A. Sanders for their study of historical accuracy in costume design. They argue that aesthetics often outweigh fidelity to the past among designers for shows with historical settings. In a paper for a theater class, a student claims that the costume design for a modern production of the musical Our Town (set in the early 1900s) exemplifies this tendency.

Great Expectations is an 1861 novel by Charles Dickens. The narrator describes his uncle, Joe Gargery, as being both powerful and tender: _____

Lin-Tai Ho and colleagues monitored fish populations in a tide pool in Taiwan. They found that some species were entirely absent from the tide pool at particular times of the year; for example, they did not observe even one _______

Life Among the Paiutes is an 1882 autobiographical narrative by Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, a Northern Paiute author, educator, and activist. In the work, Winnemucca directly addresses the reader to explain certain customs, writing _____

Accurately measuring the sizes of marine fish populations is challenging because predation, reproduction, and fishing are constantly affecting those populations’ numbers. To avoid overfishing, many commercial fishers rely on complex computer models that estimate current and historical fish population sizes. These models incorporate various biological factors, such as fish size, age distribution, and reproductive rates. Recently, a team of researchers examined decades of modeled predictions for 230 major commercially fished species. They discovered that the models often overestimated fish population sizes. And contrary to their expectations, the researchers found that accuracy did not improve as the data grew over time. The team’s discovery most directly suggests that _____

The theory of plate tectonics explains how large pieces of Earth's crust, called tectonic plates, move and interact. According to the theory, the movement of tectonic plates forms _____ creates volcanoes, and causes earthquakes.

As jazz singer Sarah Vaughan honed her vocal abilities—acquiring a sophisticated timbre and precise control over pitch, dynamics, and _____ she earned comparisons to opera icon Leontyne Price, one of her personal heroes. The comparisons highlight how Vaughan, a jazz star, had transcended genre boundaries with her singing prowess.

Many folktales that originate in the Hindi language start with a phrase that roughly translates to "in one era." Many tales that originate in English use "once upon a time." Such phrases, known as story starters, _____ from language to language.

Dating to around 1500, the Unicorn Tapestries are seven large tapestries depicting a unicorn hunt that hang in The Cloisters, a museum of medieval art in New York City. Attempting to explain the tapestries' symbolism, art historian and former Cloisters head curator Margaret B. _____ that while some have interpreted the tapestries as a Christian allegory, unicorns in that era were typically featured in secular rather than religious contexts.

Hummingbird flower mites use electroreception to detect electric fields created by flapping hummingbird wings, allowing mites to travel from flower to flower in hummingbird beaks. Both host detection and transportation are electrically ______ when mites move their legs toward the arriving hummingbird, they are pulled by electrostatic force to the bird’s modulated electric fields—a process that occurs in milliseconds.

Karel Čapek’s 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), in which artificial workers overthrow their masters, left an indelible mark on the science fiction genre and the English language by introducing the term “robot” (derived from the Czech word robota, meaning “indentured labor” or “drudgery”). ______ Čapek’s play also contributed to a venerable literary and mythological tradition: using artificial beings as mirrors and foils for humanity.

KCUW-LP is a Native-run radio station broadcasting from the Umatilla Indian Reservation in Oregon. In 2004, Loris Taylor wanted to make sure that stations like KCUW-LP continued to thrive. _____ she founded Native Public Media, a support system for Native radio stations that now includes around sixty stations.

In 1845, the United States District Court for the state of Iowa was established. Initially, the court's jurisdiction was a single district that encompassed the entire state, but as Iowa's population grew, this single district began to struggle to serve the needs of everyone in the state. _____ the court's jurisdiction was subdivided into two districts, each with its own district court.

On a chilly spring morning in a Virginia park, as sunlight crested the treetops, Kathrin Swoboda raised her Nikon D500 camera and captured an image that would win the Grand Prize in the 2019 Audubon Photography Awards: a red-winged blackbird, exhaling what appeared to be rings of smoke. _____ the "smoke" was actually the blackbird's breath hitting the cold morning air as the bird sang.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• A synthesis reaction is a type of chemical reaction.
• In a synthesis reaction, two or more substances combine to form a new substance.
• When sodium and chloride combine, they form a substance called sodium chloride.
• This substance is more commonly known as table salt.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Incarnations (2015) is an epistolary novel by English author Susan Barker.
• Epistolary novels are novels written primarily as a series of fictional documents.
• These documents can be letters, journal entries, newspaper clippings, and more.
• The Incarnations consists primarily of letters.
• The letters are sent between a taxi driver named Wang Jun and a mysterious woman.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The cuneiform script is the earliest known set of symbols used for writing.
• Sumerian was one of the first languages to be written using the cuneiform script.
• Sumerian was a language in ancient Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).
• Clay tablets with Sumerian writing have been found there.
• Some of these tablets are almost 5,000 years old.

Although more documentaries are being made than ever before, too many seem ______, offering stories without any depth. In a refreshing contrast, Ahmir “Questlove” Thompson’s 2021 documentary Summer of Soul (...or, When the Revolution Could Not Be Televised) draws from present-day interviews to supply compelling historical and social context for footage of the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival.

As a defense mechanism, the monarch butterfly _____ toxic compounds from milkweed plants. On ingesting a piece of milkweed, the monarch selectively absorbs toxic cardenolides from the plant in its gut and stores them in the tissues throughout its body, rendering the butterfly unpalatable to predators.

The work of Tobias Gerstenberg et al. on tracking eye movements supports a theory that people envision ______ scenarios when making causal judgments: when subjects were asked to look at two colliding billiard balls and judge whether one caused or prevented the other’s movement through a gate, their eyes looked at where the target ball would have gone if the ball that altered its path did not exist.

Guadalupe Romero Villanueva et al. conducted radiocarbon analysis of paint used in rock art at the Patagonian archaeological site Cueva Huenul 1, revealing that images of a comblike motif date to as early as 8,000 years ago, predating other paintings in the region by several millennia. The motif was subsequently reproduced multiple times at the site over the next 3,000 years, a period coinciding with extremely arid conditions and slightly negative population growth. The motif may therefore have functioned to help preserve cultural knowledge during a time of ecological and demographic stress.

Text 1

To many artists in the mid-nineteenth-century United States, the American wilderness symbolized innocence and untouched beauty. So George Inness's decision to foreground a railroad in his 1855 painting The Lackawanna Valley is notable, since images of railroads often alluded to the destruction of wilderness in the name of progress. In fact, art historian Nikolai Cikovsky Jr. argues that Inness glorifies the subject of the railroad by painting a scene that suggests hopefulness rather than devastation.

Text 2

It is impossible to deduce anything about George Inness's political or social opinions from his painting The Lackawanna Valley. The painting's subject, a railroad yard and the valley around it, is depicted in a style common among landscape painters of the era. The decision to make the painting's subject a railroad may simply reflect the artistic styles and themes of the period.

The prints in Images of Autonomous Matter, part of a traveling exhibition of innovative Japanese art from the 1960s and 1970s, exemplify the interest in creating minimalist images of stark materials, such as steel, that first emerged among Japanese printmakers in the mid-to-late twentieth century. Mitsuo Kano's close-up of a serrated metal fragment, Soldered Blue, and Tatsuo Kawaguchi's image of a single corroded staple, which belongs to his Relation—Quality series, are two such works in the exhibit. In their emphasis on the innate qualities of manufactured materials, both prints push traditional boundaries for figurative art.

From William Carlos Williams's 1925 creative nonfiction book In the American Grain. Williams is discussing how works by nineteenth-century US poet and fiction writer Edgar Allan Poe were received by American readers.

Poe must suffer by his originality. Invent that which is new, even if it be made of pine from your own yard, and there's none to know what you have done. It is because there's no name. This is the cause of Poe's lack of recognition. He was American. He was the astounding, inconceivable growth of his locality. Gape at him they did, and he at them in amazement. Afterward with mutual hatred; he in disgust, they in mistrust. It is only that which is under your nose which seems inexplicable.

Within higher education, studying philosophy requires that students be conversant with the field’s foundational texts and historical figures. By contrast, doing philosophy within or beyond the academy demands the creative, self-directed application of acquired expertise to enduring questions about the nature of existence and knowledge. While both approaches engage with influential figures, those who do philosophy treat such figures as vital interlocutors who facilitate new insights rather than as ossified authorities who, though relevant to the present, primarily represent the discipline’s past.

The fifteenth-century English Heege Manuscript is unusual among collections of its kind and time given its focus on fantasy tales over more acclaimed works by celebrated medieval authors like Hoccleve. But according to professor James Wade, even more unusually, the three texts in the manuscript’s first booklet were likely copied by Richard Heege from a traveling minstrel’s repertoire book. The evidence includes performative elements such as the narrator politely addressing the audience, joking about peasants and royalty, and making jokes that could be modified to refer to the town of Radford when in nearby Brackonwet to avoid giving offense.

Researchers examining urbanization patterns in the Yautepec Valley of Mexico have noted a marginal decrease in the region's total population growth during the Terminal Formative (100 BCE–200 CE) and Early Classic periods. This decrease, which follows a period of rapid growth during the Middle Formative, is linked to a significant drop in the number of settlements. The researchers' findings suggest that _____

Researchers used anonymized location data from the US and Côte d'Ivoire to document people's daily mobility patterns. The graph shows proportions of unidirectional cycles among two, three, or four locations for each country. For example, the measured value for CI 3 is 0.12, indicating that three-location patterns constituted 12% of all pattern instances in Côte d'Ivoire. The researchers ran their model twice under different assumptions: emphasizing local population density or personal preferences. They concluded that emphasizing density generally yielded better results.

Across brown bears—omnivores with high dietary plasticity—there is wide variety in dietary mix, which may reflect genetics, local resource availability, or social learning (cubs stay with their mothers for two years or more). Evaluating these possibilities, Anne Hertel et al. analyzed 30 years of data on trophic position (indicative of dietary mix) for female brown bears. After separation, daughters, who tended to settle near their mothers, occupied the same trophic positions as their mothers for two years, but the correlation disappeared by year five. Trophic correlation with unrelated individuals in similar habitats was modest, while habitat-independent correlation with nonmaternal relatives (e.g., cousins) was no different than with unrelated individuals. These findings suggest that ______

Native to the Yangtze River in China, the Chinese river dolphin is one of many species to have recently gone extinct in what some are calling “the sixth great mass extinction” in Earth’s history. Far from being caused by humans, though, the five prior such events—the Ordovician-Silurian (440 million years ago, or mya), the Devonian (365 mya), the Permian-Triassic (250 mya), the Triassic-Jurassic (201 mya), and the Cretaceous-Tertiary ______ all predate us.

In the seventeenth century, market-savvy British greenhouses scrambled to cultivate ______ the small group of wealthy consumers who could afford to import them from the Caribbean, the fruits had become a status symbol.

A bias toward studying diversity at a local rather than a continental scale was one of the many shortcomings researcher Sonia Llorente-Culebras and her team ______ analyzing nearly 400 biodiversity studies from around the globe.

In economics, mustard seeds are considered a commodity because they are essentially interchangeable, “essentially” being a word that admits a degree of latitude. In 2021, researchers J. Shorish, M. Stephenson, and M. Zargham devised a mathematical model of fungibility (interchangeability) that would account for such variation. Distinguishing “exactly the same” and “nearly the same” commodities—whether crops, lumber, or precious metals—______ among their primary aims.

That Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales inspired imitators is evident from the existence of three near-contemporary “continuations” of the collection: The Siege of Thebes, which purports to be a new tale told during the pilgrims’ ______ The Tale of Beryn, which depicts the pilgrims as tourists; and The Ploughman’s Tale, which features a minor character from the original work.

As part of his effort to identify Bronze Age pathways across Sicily, archaeologist Dario Calderone created three-dimensional digital models of the terrain via aerial photogrammetry. The drone ______ the landscape, which included archaeological sites from as far back as the Early Neolithic Period, flew in a pattern that ensured 60 percent forward overlap and 20 percent side overlap between individual images.

When it was built in the nineteenth century, the Eiffel Tower was criticized—even protested—for its unique appearance. ______ the spire-like structure earned not just acceptance but adoration, and its iconic design is now echoed in everything from the Eiffel Tower replica in Klagenfurt, Austria, to the Tokyo Tower in Tokyo, Japan.

In a given rock formation, Rhaetian rock from 208.5 million years ago might directly abut Lochkovian rock from 419.2 million years ago, with millions of years of material missing in between. ______ time did not stand still during these intervening years; the unaccounted-for sedimentary material was likely removed from the stratigraphic record via erosion and weathering.

Karel Čapek’s 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), in which artificial workers overthrow their masters, left an indelible mark on the science fiction genre, and the English language, by introducing the term “robot” (derived from the Czech word robota, meaning “indentured labor” or “drudgery”). ______ Čapek’s play also contributed to a venerable literary and mythological tradition: using artificial beings as mirrors and foils for humanity.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Shanawdithit (1801–1829) was a Beothuk cartographer (mapmaker).
• Her maps of Newfoundland’s Beothuk Lake outline both the lake and various points around the lake where encounters between the Indigenous Beothuk people and British colonists occurred.
• Her maps are notable for depicting the experiences the Beothuk had within the landscape.
• Contemporary Potawatomi cartographer Margaret Pearce: Indigenous cartography emphasizes “experienced space, or place, as opposed to the Western convention of depicting space as universal, homogenized, and devoid of human experience.”
• Pearce: “Indigenous cartographies are as diverse as Indigenous cultures, from Hawaiian performative cartographies to Navajo verbal maps and sand paintings.”