The following text is from Mark Twain's 1876 novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Tom, a child, has been told by his aunt to paint their house's fence. Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of whitewash and a long-handled brush. He surveyed the fence, and all gladness left him and a deep melancholy settled down upon his spirit. Thirty yards of board fence nine feet high.

Though most studies of the effect of altitude on blood chemistry usually concentrated on people who live about sea level, researchers Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj have instead chosen the _____  path in their recent work of studying the blood of people who live below sea level, in locations such as the California towns of Salton City and Imperial.

In Hoocąk, an Indigenous language from the Mid-Atlantic region of what is now the United States, okayeke means "bad," whereas ati okayeye'tesel means "bad houses." This phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the element "ye" in okayake gets repeated in ati okayeye'tesel. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Hoocąk.

Researchers Cesar A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict the mix of businesses and places of interest found in a given neighborhood. The team used data from the Google Places API service to help identify furniture stores, florists, and other businesses and map their locations. This approach has some limits—data from Places API tend to be restricted to places that are customer-facing—but the data set nonetheless provides an extremely reliable source to study colocation patterns of neighborhood amenities.

The groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Company (NEC), founded in 1967, produced Paul Carter Harrison's award-winning play The Great MacDaddy in 1974. The company was cofounded by Robert Hooks, an actor, producer, and activist, and actor and playwright Douglas Turner Ward, who had met while performing in a 1960 touring production of Lorraine Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun. They shared a vision of a theater company that would nurture and showcase the work of Black theater professionals. Since its beginning, NEC has provided a forum for the voices of Harrison and other Black playwrights through workshops and performances.

Poems is an 1895 collection of poetry by Frances E.W. Harper. In one of Harper's poems, the speaker criticizes activists who champion humanitarian causes in other countries while overlooking local concerns, saying _____

The Cherokee Nation, the Seminole Nation, and the more than thirty other tribes in Oklahoma operate numerous businesses and generate billions of dollars in revenue. An economics student is researching the tribes' collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare the average amount that industry contributed per employee to Oklahoma's economy with the average amount contributed per employee by three other industries. Looking at the table, the student finds that tribal economic activity contributed over $141,000 per employee, on average, ranking it _____

Veronice L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and Jayne E. Yack investigated the evolution and function of sound production in silk moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They found that during harmless simulated attacks on isolated caterpillars, 33% of the tested species produced sound, which ranged from clicks in Manduca pellenia to whistles in Rhodinia fugax. Although some insects use sound to communicate with members of the same species, the researchers claim that the caterpillar sounds recorded in their study are directed primarily at predators.

The British Bronze Age began when sophisticated techniques for making tools, weapons, and other objects from metal were introduced to the British Isles around 2500 BCE, and it lasted until around 700 BCE. In Britain during this time, collections of valuable metal objects (called hoards) were sometimes buried for safekeeping. Some stayed buried for many centuries, such as the Parc-y-Meirch hoard, which was unearthed around 1868, and the Fittleworth hoard, discovered in 1995. And although the period is known as the Bronze Age, some hoards, like the Fittleworth hoard, contained decorative objects made of gold; gold was much rarer than bronze, however, and thus it is not surprising that _____

The state of North Dakota has designated the spiny water flea as an invasive species that could outcompete some of the state's native species. Many other states draw similar distinctions between invasive and native species. But researchers Alejandro Camacho and Jason McLachlan have pointed out that Earth's climate is changing in ways that challenge such designations. Climate changes may cause animals to leave their current ranges and establish new ones. Climate changes may also create good habitats in areas where a species couldn't live previously. These observations suggest that _____

Water boils at around 212°F at sea level, but in Highland, Utah (elevation: 4,977 feet above sea level), it boils at around 202°F. Food writer J. Kenji López-Alt, who explores the science behind cooking, _____ that lower boiling points at higher elevations "can wreak all sorts of havoc on recipes."

It is widely known that New York City's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) _____  a vast collection of oil paintings, including Franz Marc's The World Cow and Katherine S. Dreier's Abstract Portrait of Marcel Duchamp.

In Moscow, Russia, the average temperature, 62.6 degrees Fahrenheit in June, _____ to 66.6 degrees in July, and then dips slightly to 62.6 degrees in August.

After finding information about Major Robert Odell Owens, who represented New York in the United States House of Representatives, the student discovered biographical sketches of two other Black Americans who served in _____ Josiah Thomas Walls of Florida and Thomas Ezekiel Miller of South Carolina.

The first documented use of the English word "depart" is attributed to poet Geoffrey Chaucer's 1386 work "The Parson's Tale." However, Chaucer didn't write in Modern English; ______ he wrote in what we now call Middle English, which was commonly used during the period.

In his essay "Of Coaches," French philosopher Michel de Montaigne explores a relatively light subject, but he expresses heavier fare in "Of the Inconvenience of Greatness." Regardless of the subject matter, Montaigne works to question his own perspective throughout his essay. _____ his personal motto was "What do I know?”

Blanche K. Bruce was an outspoken abolitionist whose Washington, DC, home was a stop on the underground railroad (the network of people and places that some enslaved people used to escape to freedom). It was relatively rare for supporters of the railroad to be secretive about their antislavery views. _____ they were vocal abolitionists like Bruce. 

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes.

• The Archipelago-Madrean Mountains are located in northwestern Mexico.
• They cover an area of 1,038 square miles (mi²)
• The Big Hatchet Mountains are located in the southwestern United States.
• They cover an area of 65 mi²
• These mountain ranges are two of the dozens of "sky islands" in the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico.
• A sky island is an isolated mountain range whose environment differs dramatically from that of the surrounding lowlands.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

. The Future of Nostalgia is a scholarly book by literary theorist Svetlana Boym.
. The book provides a multifaced exploration of the concept of nostalgia.
· Chapter 14 discusses themes of nostalgia in Joseph Brodskyʼs writing.
· Chapter 17 discusses various skeptics' take on the concept of nostalgia.
. In chapter 17, Boym writes, "The poetics of nostalgia combines estrangement and human solidarity, affect and reflection."

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

. Hina Hanta is an online archive curated by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
. Hina Hanta means "bright path" in Choctaw.
· It features images of cultural artifacts relevant to the history of the Choctaw people.
. It includes a cup (isht ishko in Choctaw) made from clay.
. It includes a stickball collar (innuchi) made from horsehair.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

. A currency is a money system.
. Sometimes, countries adopt a new currency to replace an older one.
. Mozambique adopted the escudo as its official currency in 1914.
. The metical replaced the escudo in 1980.
. The metical remains Mozambique's official currency.

Economist Dr. Jensen posits that while the exact impact of climate change on global economies is challenging to predict, he ______ that the shift toward renewable energy sources will become critical. His analysis informs his advocacy for sustainable economic policies.

As the leading pioneer of the polio vaccine, Jonas Salk became one of the most _______ medical researchers in history: his development of the vaccine in the 1950s led to a drastic decline in polio cases worldwide and altered the course of public health.

In the 1960s, Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring" brought environmental concerns to the American public. Her work, although initially met with resistance by chemical companies, ultimately led to a _______ environmental movement, resulting in the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and the banning of DDT in the US.

In the depths of the Pacific, marine biologists found a new species of coral despite harsh underwater currents. Research vessel captain, Maria Gómez, reported that although the team observed challenging conditions, the coral's resilience was remarkable. Their discovery, thriving against all odds, ______ a new hope for coral diversity studies.

Humans have a deep-seated tendency to form groups, fostering solidarity within and strife between them, often over trivial provocations. A notable aspect of this clannish behavior lies in the weak bonds within the group versus the strong drive to support their own while opposing rival factions.

Grover Cleveland Alexander, nicknamed "Old Mouse," was a dominant pitcher during the heart of baseball's "Dead Ball" Era (1900-1920). His career, spanning from 1901 to 1926, exemplifies the pitching prowess and the challenges faced by hitters during this period. Alexander's remarkable control and consistency on the mound earned him numerous accolades, including three Triple Crowns and induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

The following text is from the 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. 

Nanny, she used to say, "Yo' mama went a long way." Long way! She looked different.  Her skin wasn't the same color as mine, and her hair, it didn't hang down in long strings like mine.  But there was a wildness in her eyes that I knew I had. Sometimes I used to feel like I was cryin' inside. I had the same longing she had.

The following text is from an essay “In Betweens” written by Diana Abu-Jaber. 

My sisters and I drive through parts of the city that I’ve never seen before, where the lights glow like melted butter, and the girls on the sidewalks are wearing brimmed hats and high heels. Men smile and turn to watch our car passing: I watch back, hands pressed to the window. Then we race beyond the glowing streets—they dwindle to a star—and the road ahead of us is long and dusty blue and smells like a warm, blue must, like the heat of a sheep’s back.

Text 1

Historian Samuel L. Adams argues that Thomas Jefferson's agricultural policies were shaped significantly by his own experience as a plantation owner. Adams suggests that Jefferson's emphasis on agrarian independence and small-scale farming was rooted in his personal belief in the virtues of rural life and self-sufficiency, which he thought were crucial for the republic's health, even more so than Jefferson's international outlook.

Text 2

Political scientist Jenna Ellis has a different perspective on Jefferson's agricultural policies. She credits Jefferson's interactions with European economists and his diplomatic experience in France as the key influences on his agricultural views. According to Ellis, these experiences introduced Jefferson to broader economic theories about market dependency and the benefits of a diverse economy, which in turn shaped his policies.

Indian artist Meena Kumari specializes in transforming the traditional art of Rangoli into modern digital animations. Rangoli, which involves creating intricate patterns on the ground using colored rice, sand, and flower petals during Hindu festivals, is primarily a domestic art form practiced by women. Kumari leverages this technique to produce dynamic, animated sequences that depict traditional Rangoli patterns in motion, integrating them into public art installations and digital media. This approach elevates a form associated with transient, celebratory decorations to a permanent, immersive digital experience, challenging the ephemeral nature of the original art form.

Most grocery stores spray produce with water on a regular basis in order to ensure that they maintain a wholesome, fresh-picked appearance. However, according to Martin Lindstrom, author of Brandwashed: Tricks Companies Use to Manipulate Our Minds and Persuade Us to Buy, not only does this liquid lack any practical purpose, but it has a deleterious effect: ______

From the 1850s to the present, local entrepreneurs operating photo studios have employed painters to enhance portrait photographs of their clients with drama and desirable accouterments that were absent in the original photographs. The theatricality of Indian studio photographs and the fantasies they fulfill have, in turn, influenced the idealized ways celebrities are represented in hand-painted cinema advertisements. Like their counterparts in the world of studio photography, banner artists also painted directly onto photographs in the process of creating studies for their spectacular enlargements.

Many assert that soccer players rank as the most famous athletes globally, often pointing to the fact that professional soccer broadcasts reach more countries than any other sport. However, this assumption is flawed: a name recognition survey reveals that Josef Martínez, the star of Major League Soccer's Atlanta United, is less well-known compared to the top athletes from 20 different professional basketball teams.

City officials in Chicago, United States, claim that increasing the number of police patrols in high-crime areas will significantly reduce the overall crime rate in the city. Critics argue that criminals will simply move their activities to other areas with less police presence. However, a recent study shows that the average crime rate in high-police-presence areas of Chicago has dropped by 20% over the past year, while the crime rate in other areas of the city has remained relatively stable. Thus ______

In ant colonies, individual ants lay down pheromone trails that communicate the location of food sources. Typically, ants ______ these trails, an intricate method indicating direction and distance by the concentration and length of the pheromone path.

When continents like Africa and South America were joined as part of the supercontinent Pangaea millions of years ago, they formed a massive landmass. Scientists, reconstructing past geographies, can understand geological processes and fossil distributions, which provides insights into Earth's history and helps them trace ______ tectonic movements.

Scat singer Ella Fitzgerald, who improvised on "How High the Moon," showcases her incredible vocal technique and ability to weave melodic lines with syllables like "doo-be-doo-wop" that mimic a trumpet solo. Her talent lies in transforming her voice into an instrument. Creating intricate melodies ______ her unparalleled skill and creativity.

What secrets do the intricate hand stencils and animal figures at Newspaper Rock State Historic Park hold? Researcher Dr. Ignacio Valenzuela's study explores these ancient messages. Through extensive analysis, he uncovered patterns, ______ symbols, and connected them to hunter-gatherer communication, shedding light on their social and cultural practices.

What is the kora, and why is it significant to the Mandinka people? The kora is a West African harp-like instrument with 21 strings, believed to possess a "nyama" (soul). When musicians perform ______ the Mandinka believe the kora's soul is honored and its music remains pure and powerful.

When negative-index metamaterials bend light in unusual ways, they can potentially lead to invisibility cloaks, which is a groundbreaking application. Researchers are developing metamaterials, known as Negative Index Materials ______ these materials can also manipulate sound waves for noise cancellation or medical imaging advancements.

An unfinished novel by Jane Austen, ______ With its intriguing fragments, many speculate on the potential themes and impact of this lost work, imagining how Austen's keen observations might have unfolded in this setting.

The Solnhofen Limestone demonstrates how ______ This site is famous for preserving not just bones, but also soft tissues like skin, feathers, and stomach contents. Paleontologists have learned much about the anatomy, behavior, and ecology of marine reptiles and early birds.

To harness the strange world of quantum mechanics, quantum computers solve problems impossible for classical computers. ______ they can break encryption codes or help design revolutionary materials. Quantum computing's potential to revolutionize technology is immense.

Italy boasts a rich historical and cultural tapestry, from ancient ruins to Renaissance art, and Italian cuisine mirrors this diversity. Traditional recipes like pasta and pizza differ significantly by region, while contemporary dishes are influenced by global trends. ______ there is a great deal of variation in Italian culinary styles.

Bicycling infrastructure includes dedicated bike lanes and paths designed to provide safe and efficient routes for cyclists, separating them from motor vehicle traffic. Research has shown that well-designed bicycling infrastructure can reduce accidents and encourage more people to commute by bike. ______ it can have health benefits by promoting physical activity and reducing air pollution from car emissions.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• BlueStar is a dietary supplement commonly used in some parts of Asia to boost energy.
• The supplement is made from a rare plant found in the mountains.
• A recent study by scientists in Japan examined the effects of BlueStar on physical performance.
• Participants in the study were divided into two groups.
• One group was given a daily dose of BlueStar, while the other group received a placebo.
• The study lasted for eight weeks.
• The researchers measured the participants' endurance and strength at the beginning and end of the study.
• The group that took BlueStar showed a significant increase in both endurance and strength compared to the placebo group.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The blue morpho butterfly is known for its striking blue wings.
• The blue coloration is due to microscopic scales on the wings that reflect light.
• Blue morpho butterflies are native to Central and South American rainforests.
• They spend most of their time on the forest floor and lower shrubs.
• These butterflies feed on the juices of rotting fruit.
• Blue morpho butterflies use their vibrant coloration to startle predators.

The following text is adapted from John Matheus's 1926 short story, "Mr. Bradford Teaches Sunday School." Mr. Bradford is driving through the countryside in Florida.

The moss in the towering water oaks had become enlivened with a verdant sheen of silver and hung like festoons of carnival or like funeral decorations for the mourning of the dead. The pine cones were pungent, the pine green was resplendent. The bald cypresses spread themselves along the water courses while the willows wept as they always did. Mr. Bradford was conscious of this gorgeous display of nature.

Béláné Mocsáry, who traveled solo to four continents in the early 1900s, undoubtedly accomplished much, but her place in our historical memory is perhaps more ________ than that of a noteworthy "first" such as Adeline and Augusta Van Buren, who were the first women to ride solo motorcycles across the continental United States, a deed for which they will always be remembered.

Text corpora such as the British National Corpus are enormous collections of electronically stored texts that can be used for empirical testing of hypotheses regarding how _______ a word is in spoken and written English. For instance, one might have a guess about the incidence of the word "world," but only an analysis of a corpus can prove that "world" is the eighth most commonly used noun.

Mexican textile artist Victoria Villasana weaves stories of triumph, using her unique method of applying colorful yarn to photographs of people. In some works, Villasana focuses on celebrating cultural icons who are people of color, as she does in her depiction of activist Ryu Gwansun. However, in other works, Villasana honors ordinary people, as she does in her captivating portrayal of young girl sitting on a sidewalk. Villasana sees both of these approaches as ways of depicting the power and interconnectedness of all people.

Like all species of baleen whales, the Antarctic minke whale feeds on tiny creatures known as krill by filtering water through bristlelike keratin structures called baleen plates. In this way, baleen whales can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass per day. And while no one would call the Antarctic minke whale small—it can have a mass as high as 10,000 kg—it is one of the smaller whales and is much smaller than the bowhead whale, which can weight a whopping 66,000 kg and consume as much as 19,800 kg of krill per day.

A run-of-river hydroelectric power plant, as the name suggests, uses the natural flow of a water source to generate electricity but is unable to start or stop that flow through its generator. In contrast, a peaking hydroelectric power plant (used when demand for electricity peaks) controls the flow of water through its generators: starting flow when demand is high enough, stopping it when demand is too low, and otherwise regulating it to keep pace with changing electricity needs. Although peaking plants do not typically operate continuously as run-of-river plants do, peaking plants can generate more megawatt-hour of power per year (MWh/yr) than some run-of-river plants. For example, the _______

It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45° north of the equator, like Lake Mjøsa in Norway, to accumulate surface ice in winter. The contributing local environmental factors include the lake's depth, volume, and surface area. However, a climate researcher claims that some lakes at these latitudes have seen a decline in the duration of ice between the early 1980s and the mid-2000s.

Some fuel additives contain cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂-NPs), which can leach into waterways and soils via wastewater. In a 2015 study, Maël Garaud and colleagues found that CeO₂-NPs can accumulate in the bodies of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). While bioaccumulation of manufactured nanoparticles may be inherently worrisome, it has been hypothesized that CeO₂-NP bioaccumulation in invertebrate like D. polymorpha could serve a valuable proxy role, observing the need for manufacturers to conduct costly and intrusive sampling of vertebrate species—such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), commonly used in regulatory compliance testing— for manipulative bioaccumulation, as environmental protection laws currently require.

Arthurian legends (tales related to the character of King Arthur) derive from many sources, such as "Preiddeu Annwn," composed around 900, and "Perceval, the Story of the Grail" from around 1181. Sir Thomas Malory's 15th-centruy text "Le Morte d'Arthur" was an attempt to compile these stories into a coherent narrative. Many of Malory's sources derive from Geoffrey of Monmouth's "History of the Kings of Britain," written in the 1130s. While neither History nor any works that predate it mention Arthur's famous Round Table at which his knights assembled, "Le Morte d'Arthur" does, suggesting that ___________

In Los Angeles County, California, bicycle paths such as the San Gabriel River bicycle path-which is 28 miles long—have become an increasingly popular means of travel. Moreover, lawyer and cycling _____ has identified several features of the Los Angeles landscape, like its temperate climate and mostly flat roads, that make the city naturally bike-friendly.

Yerevan is the capital city of Armenia and, ______ roughly one million people, home to an impressive 36 percent of Armenia's total population.

It was the kind of challenge that would set any art curator's mind into ______ that elusive thread that could link artists as disparate as American abstract painter Anne Ryan, Romanian impressionist painter Micaela Eleutheriade, and Flemish mannerist painter Anthony van Dyck.

In 2020, internationally renowned Slovak photographer Mária Svarbova exhibited her work at the Contessa Gallery and the Art Angle Gallery in the United States and _________ utilizing vivid pastel colors, overexposed tones, and mirrorlike symmetry, Svarbová's photographs evoke a Socialist-era aesthetic that she describes as "minimalistic but also futuristic."

Though he's performed on many respected albums, including Trypnotyx by Victor Wooten, drummer Dennis Chambers may be best known for his time as house drummer for the hip-hop label Sugar Hill Records. He did not play drums on the label's classic song "Rapper's __________  he joined the label after the song's release.

• Antonio Stradivari (1644-1737) made about
• 1,000 violins in his lifetime.
• Musicians prize his Stradivarius violins for their famed sound quality.
• Many of the 500 or so that exist today are named for a previous owner.
• The Jules Falk Stradivarius is named for Jules Falk, an American violinist

• Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian American artist.
• She is well known for her large-scale LED light sculptures.
• Argentum debuted in 2018 at the Bronx Museum of the Arts in New York City, New York.
• It is made of iridescent multicolored LED domes.
• It occupies 253 cubic feet of space.​​​​​​​

• Calida Garcia Rawles is an African American painter.
• She is known for her large-scale, hyperrealistic paintings depicting African American figures in water.
• The painting Lightness of Being (24 × 30 in) depicts a young man with his arms outstretched floating on the right side of the canvas.
• Lost in the Shuffle (36 × 24 in) depicts two young men with their arms outstretched floating in the bottom left and upper right conners of the canvas.
• She paints the water with vivid blue colors, including sky blue and indigo.
• The mood in the painting is calm.

• Ynés Mexía was a Mexican American botanist.
• Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over 150,000 botanical samples throughout the Americas.
• She collected a sample of Trixis antimenorrhoea in Minas Gerais, Brazil, on June 26, 1930.
• She collected a sample of Stephanomeria thurberi in Chihuahua, Mexico, on May 27, 1929.
• These specimens are members of the Asteraceae family.
• They can now be viewed online at the C.V. Starr
  Virtual Herbarium.

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

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Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.