The Al-Fattah Al-Aleem Mosque in the New Administrative Capital, Egypt, is a massive mosque that can accommodate approximately 17,000 people at once, making it an ______ sight to behold.

The early British postal system required the cost of mail delivery to be paid upon receipt, a system which encouraged inventive strategies by the intended recipient to avoid payment. To improve this system, _____ were proposed in 1837, including the use of a postage stamp, a small receipt pasted to the mail indicating that delivery costs had been paid by the sender.

Consumers usually _____ rising prices of nonessential products, such as video games or jewelry, by purchasing fewer of those products. When the prices fall, consumers usually react the opposite way, by purchasing more of those products.

The following text is adapted from Matthew Arnold’s 1869 nonfiction book Culture and Anarchy.

The Times [a British newspaper], replying to some foreign strictures on the dress, looks, and behavior of the English abroad, urges that the English ideal is that everyone should be free to do and to look just as he likes. But culture indefatigably tries, not to make what each raw person may like the rule by which he fashions himself; but to draw ever nearer to a sense of what is indeed beautiful, graceful, and becoming, and to get the raw person to like that.

Why do ocelots purr but jaguars roar? Researchers hypothesize that this difference between the two feline species may be partly due to a U-shaped bone in their throats. This bone is called the hyoid. Ocelots, which are much smaller than jaguars, have a rigid hyoid that rumbles when the cat's larynx vibrates, resulting in a purr. By contrast, jaguars have a somewhat flexible hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull with a stretchy ligament that ocelots lack. These traits allow jaguars and most other species of big cats to roar. The same traits may also prevent most big cats from purring.

In 2020, rap artist and professor A.D. Carson published the first peer-reviewed rap album about his experiences with Black masculinity called i used to love to dream. Typically in peer review, experts evaluate scholarly articles prior to publication. For Carson’s album, dubbed a “mixtap/e/ssay,” peer review involved both scholars and rap artists. In combining elements of a mixtape album with scholarly essays that connect Carson’s lyrics to historical and contemporary contexts for listeners both inside and outside academia, Carson’s album helped redefine how scholarship is created and shared.

The following text is from Annie Dillard’s 1987 autobiographical novel An American Childhood. The narrator is a young girl living in Pittsburgh.

I walked. My mother had given me the freedom of the streets as soon as I could say our telephone number. I walked and memorized the neighborhood. I made a mental map and located myself upon it. At night in bed I rehearsed the small world’s scheme and set challenges: Find the store using backyards only. Imagine a route from the school to my friend’s house.

A report from an international organization that monitors the numbers of women serving as judges or magistrates on various nations' highest courts, such as the Supreme Court in Finland and the Supreme Court in the Dominican Republic. From 2009 to 2013, the number of women serving as justices or magistrates on highest courts in most countries increased. However, there are also countries where the number decreased or remained unchanged; for example, ______

For centuries, people in Ireland and Northern Ireland have been finding deposits of valuable objects, called hoards, that earlier people buried. These discoveries have persisted into the 2000s; for example, _____

The Age of Innocence is a 1920 novel by Edith Wharton set in the 1870s in the northeastern United States. In the novel, Newland Archer and May Welland have just been married. They are spending a summer with May's relatives in Newport, Rhode Island. May is puzzled by Newland's lack of enthusiasm for Newport: ______.

A telescope allows us to see very faint objects mostly due to the large size of the opening that light passes through, known as the aperture. Like the pupil in the human eye, the larger the diameter of a telescope’s aperture, the fainter the objects we can detect with it. An amateur astronomer claims that she likely could see most, but not all, of the stars in the table while using a telescope with a 160-millimeter (mm) aperture.

A student is collecting data about countries with volcanoes that have been active in the time since 1800 and in the time since 1960. The student records that Nicaragua has _____

Light of Truth is a bronze and marble sculpture by artist Richard Hunt. It honors civil rights icon Ida B. Wells. The sculpture _____ in a tree-lined plaza in Chicago, just a few blocks from where Wells lived.

Named for the number of hoofed toes they possess, even-toed ungulates, such as the domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), _____ to a vast and diverse order of animals.

Included in We Wanted a Revolution!, a 2018 group exhibition at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York, was the work of multimedia artist Lorna Simpson. The impact of Simpson’s work is _____ the horizons of conceptual photographic art, challenging conventional notions of race, gender, history, and memory, and shedding light on the experience of African American women in contemporary society.

Researchers Tammy Kernodle and Paul Austerlitz have lent their expertise on Black history and music to an important new project: Carnegie Hall’s Timeline of African American Music, a digital resource that, _____ text and music clips, traces the history of specific musical genres (such as funk and swing).

Today, the Michelin Guide is widely known as the arbiter of fine dining, but when it was created in 1900, it was little more than a marketing gimmick; brothers Andre and Edouard Michelin sought to increase profits for their tire company by encouraging their customers to drive across France, visiting the guide’s recommended hotels and restaurants along the way. Nevertheless, the guide soon grew in scope and _____ its modest French eateries were replaced with some of the most esteemed restaurants from around the world, including Quintessence in Tokyo and Gaon in Seoul.

In their 2022 study of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), _____ found that the dolphins’ tendency to rub their heads against corals with antimicrobial properties may confer health benefits.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Asparagus is a vegetable that contains ascorbic acid, an essential nutrient for humans.
• Every 100 grams (g) of asparagus contains 6 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid.
• Many animals can make ascorbic acid in their bodies, but humans cannot.
• Humans must get ascorbic acid from foods, including fruits and vegetables.
• Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Most of the plant and bird species in Oahu, Hawaii, are non-native.
• In a 2019 study, researchers wanted to know what role non-native birds play in dispersing plant seeds in Oahu.
• Researchers catalogued plant seeds found in fecal samples from non-native birds.
• Leptocophylla tameiameiae, a flowering shrub, was one of fifteen native species catalogued.
• Passiflora suberosa, an herbaceous vine, was one of twenty-nine non-native species catalogued.
• Researchers concluded that non-native birds play a vital role in dispersing the seeds of native and non-native plants.

• Since 1931, the New York Times (NYT) Best Sellers list has been a measure of the most successful books in the US.
• Kwame Alexander and Diana Ross are Black authors who have reached the NYT Best Sellers list.
• The Crossover is a children’s book by Kwame Alexander.
• It reached the NYT Best Sellers list on August 27, 2017.
• Secrets of a Sparrow is a memoir by Diana Ross.
• It reached the NYT Best Sellers list on November 21, 1993. 

Political scientists have found that although voters claim to prefer candidates who have nuanced perspectives on issues and who show a willingness to compromise, when asked to compare speeches expressing such views with speeches expressing __________ views, voters tend to regard the unyielding rhetoric of the latter more favorably.

Today composer Scott Joplin is mainly celebrated for his catchy ragtime pieces "Maple Leaf Rag" and "The Entertainer." However, by overlooking his less famous works, listeners will miss the full range of Joplin's creativity. For instance, his waltz "Pleasant Moments" and his opera Treemonisha skillfully blend ragtime and classical music. These masterpieces deserve as much fame as Joplin's biggest hits.

Desolation Island, first published in 1978, is a novel in Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes twenty completed books. Some critics have found fault with the abrupt endings of Desolation Island and other books in the series, saying that they do not finish conclusively but arbitrarily stop. But other critics argue that the books should not be thought of as discrete texts with traditional beginnings and endings but as a single incredibly long work, similar to other multivolume stories, such as John Galsworthy's The Forsyte Saga.

Eden Robinson is a novelist and a member of the Haisla Nation in western Canada. Critics and fellow writers have praised her work for combining traditional Haisla stories with popular genres of literature, such as fantasy and mystery fiction. But Robinson is not the only Indigenous writer to blend traditional stories with popular literature. In the 2019 novel Empire of Wild, Cherie Dimaline successfully blended the oral storytelling tradition of her people, the Métis, with horror fiction.

Periods of subfreezing temperatures in Alaska have been growing shorter in response to climate warming, potentially enabling increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) absorption through greater productivity of creeping dogwood (Cornus canadensis) plants and other vegetation, but also potentially enabling increased CO₂ output through greater heterotrophic respiration (CO₂ generated by the activity of soil microorganisms). Hydrologist Yonghong Yi and her colleagues developed a model incorporating numerous inputs—years of solar radiation and snow cover data among them—to evaluate the effects of warming on the CO₂ balance in Alaska, concluding that net CO₂ is likely to increase if warming hastens spring snowmelt.

Minerals can be classified by how much light passes through them. For example, all (or almost all) light passes through zorite, which is classified as ________ only some light to pass through, amesite is instead classified as translucent.

The artist Jean-Honore Fragonard’s painting The Progress of Love: The Meeting, symbolically ____ to portray the sense of excitement that infuses new relationships, is a highly regarded example of allegory.

That the geographic center of North America lay in the state of North Dakota was conceded by all _____ establishing its precise coordinates proved more divisive.

In the South Asian country of Sri Lanka, the percentage of the population living in cities increased from 18.3% to 18.7% between 2015 and 2020; this upward trend in urbanization was seen throughout that part of the continent. _____ from 2015 to 2020, the overall percentage of the South Asian population living in cities rose from 34.5% to 36.6%.

Water from the aquifers of Alaska’s Susitna Glacier travels the 160 km length of the Skwentna River before flowing into the Yentna River and then reaching the mouth of the river system’s main stem, the Susitna River. ______ at the Susitna’s mouth, hundreds of kilometers from the source, the water empties into the Gulf of Alaska.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Terrance Hayes is an American poet.
• He created the “golden shovel” poetic form in which the last word of each line in the poem forms part or all of an existing poem.
• He was inspired by the work of poet Gwendolyn Brooks.
• His poem The Golden Shovel uses the words from Brooks’s poem We Real Cool.
• The “golden shovel” form was named after The Golden Shovel, the first to use this form.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Epistolary novels are novels written primarily as a series of fictional documents, typically letters.
• Sometimes, the documents are journal entries, newspaper clippings, and more.
• Julie, or The New Heloise (1761) is an epistolary novel by French author Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
• It consists primarily of letters sent between a man and a woman living in a small French town.
• Absolutely Normal Chaos (1990) is an epistolary novel by American author Sharon Creech.
• It consists primarily of journal entries written by a student during her summer vacation.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
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• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

Student-produced response directions

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.