To assist with the development of new water-repellant materials for aviation and other applications, a team including both engineers and entomologists conducted a study of the water-repellant properties of cicada wings. The team explained that the _____ experts in these two disciplines resulted in a more comprehensive approach than independent efforts by experts in either discipline could have achieved.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
skepticism toward
exaggeration of
distrust among
collaboration between
내 답: D (정답)
Both sharks and crayfish can detect electrical fields around them, but the _____ of their sensitivities differs substantially. Whereas crayfish can detect fields emitted by household electronics, those are many times stronger than the fields created by water moving through Earth’s magnetic field, which sharks are sensitive enough to detect.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
magnitude
firmness
gathering
orientation
내 답: B (오답)
Often, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry is given to a single person, such as Theodore William Richards in 1914. But sometimes the Nobel Committee wants to reward work attributed to two or three individuals, in which case, the award is given _____. For instance, in 2020, Jennifer Doudna was among those awarded for “the development of a method for genome editing.”
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
retroactively
jointly
ceremoniously
reluctantly
내 답: B (정답)
The following text is adapted from the 1895 poem “Ojistoh” by Emily Pauline Johnson, a Kanienkahagen (Mohawk) writer also known as Tekahionwake.
I am Ojistoh, I am she, the wife
Of him whose name breathes bravery and life
And courage to the tribe who calls him chief.
I am Ojistoh, his white star, and he
Is land, and lake, and sky—and soul to me.
As used in the text, what does the word “breathes” most nearly mean?
imparts
renounces
assents
absorbs
내 답: B (오답)
The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram’s 2018 novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay. The narrator, Darius, is a teenager visiting family in Iran. He and his friend Sohrab are at the entrance of the ruins of the ancient city of Persepolis.
“The Gate of All Nations,” Sohrab said. He gestured to the lamassus [sculptures] and pillars surrounding us. “That’s the name in English.”
It wasn’t much of a gate anymore, since anyone of any nation could have easily stepped around it instead of walking through. But it was still amazing.
Behind the lamassu, more columns sprouted from the ground like ancient trees in a petrified forest, forty feet tall, spindly but still miraculously upright. Giant stone slabs formed the remains of what must once have been a breathtaking structure.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion of the text?
It presents an image to illustrate what one part of the ruins looks like.
It emphasizes that the narrator already knows a lot about the city.
It suggests that the narrator had expected to visit a forest.
It indicates the specific time in the past when the buildings became ruins.
내 답: A (정답)
Though John Crowley, author of Engine Summer, is perhaps not as well known as the most commercially successful American writers of the past fifty years, influential figures have championed his work, including the poet James Merrill and the literary critic Harold Bloom. In his afterword to Crowley’s book Little, Big, Bloom praises the novel’s adroit blend of what playwright Friedrich Schiller termed the naive and sentimental modes—while Schiller thought works could be classified as either naive (seeking to describe reality) or sentimental (seeking to develop ideas), Little, Big demonstrates that a work can be both.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
To argue that all writing must be classified as belonging to one of two categories
To compare the work of a writer with the work of a poet who admired him
To explain what inspired an author to write a particular work
To present a reason why a literary critic is impressed by a certain novel
내 답: D (정답)
Can field mustard plants grow on Mars? Can pea plants? You might think the answer to these questions is obviously no, but researchers in the Netherlands recently showed that the seeds of many common plant species can germinate in soil designed to simulate Martian conditions as long as water is supplied. In fact, some species actually did better in Martian soil than in Earth soil: 30 percent of field mustard seeds sprouted when planted in simulated Martian soil, compared with 4 percent that did when planted in soil from their home planet.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
To answer long-standing questions about how Martian soil conditions can be simulated on Earth
To present a surprising finding about plants grown in soil intended to be similar to Martian soil
To discuss an unexpected result about the role of water in plants grown in simulated Martian soil
To explain an important study of differences in the composition of Martian soil and the composition of Earth soil
내 답: B (정답)
In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Panama City, Panama, and Fortaleza, Brazil, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 318 respondents from Panama City, 53.5% indicated that they use the city's parks, and of the 938 respondents from Fortaleza, 35.7% indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of Panama City respondents who reported having access to other desired amenities near parks was much lower than that reported by Fortaleza respondents, the difference in park use can't be explained by Panama City residents having more access to desired nonpark amenities near parks.
Which choice best describes the main idea of the text?
Even though the study found that parks in Fortaleza are more likely to be close to other amenities than parks in Panama City are, Panama City has more amenities overall than Fortaleza does.
The study’s findings suggest that an increase in the number of amenities near city parks would likely increase park use in Panama City but not in Fortaleza.
The study’s finding that a greater proportion of residents use parks in Panama City than in Fortaleza is partly due to the greater prevalence of parks in Panama City.
Although the study found that a greater proportion of residents use parks in Panama City than in Fortaleza, that difference isn’t due to greater access to amenities near parks in Panama City.
내 답: B (오답)

While doing research for a paper about metal exports, a student finds information about copper mining in different countries in 1995 and 2020. The student notes that Peru produced 0.38 million metric tons of copper in 1995 and ____
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
1.20 million metric tons of copper in 2020.
0.39 million metric tons of copper in 2020.
2.15 million metric tons of copper in 2020.
0.73 million metric tons of copper in 2020.
내 답: C (정답)

In an extensive review of existing literature, Léna de Framond and team cataloged the prevalence of broken-wing display—a defensive behavior observed in Haematopus longirostris (pied oystercatcher) and many other species—throughout the Aves class. Documentation of the display in 285 species across 52 families suggests the behavior likely evolved independently multiple times, prompting the team to consider ecological and life-history characteristics with hypothesized associations to the behavior’s emergence, including traits related to reproduction investment and future reproduction potential. Based on their review of those traits, the team concluded that ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the conclusion?
Capacity for multiple broods, number of parental incubators, and incubation duration are equally associated with the use of broken-wing display.
Incubation duration and capacity for multiple broods are more strongly associated with the use of broken-wing display than the number of parental incubators is.
Broken-wing display is most often observed in species with less opportunity to reproduce in a year due to longer incubation periods.
Among species with more than one parental incubator, the use of broken-wing display is associated with greater incubation duration.
내 답: B (정답)
Puerto Rico is an island in the Caribbean Sea. Indigenous people there started raising guinea pigs about 1,700 years ago. Guinea pigs had originally been domesticated much earlier in both Colombia and Peru. So were guinea pigs brought to Puerto Rico from Colombia or from Peru? Ancient Caribbean trade routes connected Puerto Rico with Colombia but not with Peru. Therefore, guinea pigs in Puerto Rico probably came from Colombia and descended from Colombian guinea pigs.
Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the underlined claim?
Guinea pigs are common in ancient Puerto Rican art, especially in pottery.
Ancient guinea pigs in Puerto Rico were genetically less similar to ancient guinea pigs in Colombia than to ancient guinea pigs in Peru.
The guinea pig population of ancient Colombia was much larger than the guinea pig population of ancient Peru.
Modern breeds of guinea pigs don’t look like images of guinea pigs in ancient art from Puerto Rico, Colombia, and Peru.
내 답: B (정답)
Cane is a 1923 novel by Jean Toomer. In one portion of the novel, Toomer establishes a contrast between the narrator’s attitude toward life and the attitude of the narrator’s love interest, Avey, writing, _____
Which quotation from Cane most effectively illustrates the claim?
"Avey was as silent as those great trees whose tops we looked down upon. She has always been like that. At least, to me."
"A band in one of the buildings a fair distance off was playing a march. I wished they would stop. Their playing was like a tin spoon in one’s mouth."
"[Avey would] smile appreciation, but it was an impersonal smile, never for me."
"As time went on, [Avey’s] indifference to things began to pique me; I was ambitious. I left [our small hometown] earlier than she did."
내 답: D (정답)
Almost all works of fiction contain references to the progression of time, including the time of day when events in a story take place. In a 2020 study, Allen Kim, Charuta Pethe, and Steven Skiena claim that an observable pattern in such references reflects a shift in human behavior prompted by the spread of electric lighting in the late nineteenth century. The researchers drew this conclusion from an analysis of more than 50,000 novels spanning many centuries and cultures, using software to recognize and tally both specific time references—that is, clock phrases, such as 7 a.m. or 2:30 p.m.—and implied ones, such as mentions of meals typically associated with a particular time of day.
Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly support the researchers' conclusion?
Novels published after the year 1800 include the clock phrase 10 a.m. less often than novels published before the year 1800 do.
Among novels published in the nineteenth century, implied time references become steadily more common than clock phrases as publication dates approach 1900.
The time references of noon (12 p.m.) and midnight (12 a.m.) are used with roughly the same frequency in the novels.
Novels published after 1880 contain significantly more references to activities occurring after 10 p.m. than do novels from earlier periods.
내 답: B (오답)
As exemplified by Temiar songs about landforms and landmarks and Lakota songs about gathering mouse beans, ecological information can be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and in some instances is maintained only in this way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl’thla, a song keeper for the Kwakwaka’wakw people in Canada, collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al., sharing songs referencing terraced intertidal clam gardens the people implemented in the past to foster healthy development of a dietary staple. Drawing on archaeological evidence as well, Lepofsky et al. determined that the prevalence of the practice described in the songs corresponded with growth in clam size and abundance despite increased harvesting pressure—a finding that demonstrates that _____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
representation of practical applications of ecological knowledge is the defining characteristic of the music of certain Indigenous peoples.
the Kwakwaka’wakw people likely would not have detailed their creation of clam gardens in songs if their efforts had not produced significantly larger clams.
the clams harvested from intertidal terraces by Kwakwaka’wakw people in the past likely were a different species than the clams found in those areas today.
effective methods for the cultivation of sources of sustenance are among the ecological knowledge preserved in Indigenous songs.
내 답: B (오답)
A group of primate conservationists recently began a long-term study of the effects of different conservation strategies on the white-headed langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus). The species population is currently estimated to be around 1,000. It is challenging to accurately count these primates, however, which makes it difficult to tell whether the population is increasing, decreasing, or staying stable. The study may thus _____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
risk making inaccurate conclusions about the effectiveness of different conservation strategies.
cause other conservationists to adopt a new methodology for counting populations.
benefit from including species beyond the white-headed langur.
fail to consider less well-known conservation approaches for the white-headed langur.
내 답: A (정답)
Writing in hieroglyphs, ancient Egyptians recorded measurements using units such as the sa, a unit of _____ and the khar, a unit of volume. The sa, for instance, is written as a hieroglyph that looks like a duck or goose.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
area; the shesep; a unit of length;
area the shesep, a unit of length
area; the shesep, a unit of length;
area, the shesep; a unit of length,
내 답: C (정답)
Included in Serial Intent, a 2017 group exhibition at the Akron Art Museum in Ohio, was the work of artist Lorna Simpson, who is best known for her multimedia artworks that _____ images of African American women with text fragments. Her work is credited with expanding the horizons of conceptual photographic art, and it challenges conventional notions of race, gender, history, and memory.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
juxtapose—
juxtapose,
juxtapose:
juxtapose
내 답: D (정답)
Contrasting a high saturation color palette against dark paper and stoneware, Atlanta-based artist Jiha Moon creates fused pieces, wherein Korean folk art, Western contemporary art, and global popular culture mix. New York’s Derek Eller Gallery _____ her work in a solo exhibition that ran in early 2022.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
features
has been featured
featured
will feature
내 답: D (오답)
Works by Rafael Soriano and Rupert García were featured in the Smithsonian American Art Museum’s exhibition Our America: The Latino Presence in American Art. This 2013 exhibition celebrated the diverse achievements _____ artists of Latin American descent.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
of;
of:
of,
of
내 답: C (오답)
The human shoulder contains the infraspinatus, a skeletal muscle that is attached to the _____ this muscle plays a role in rotating the upper arm.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
scapula,
scapula;
scapula
scapula that
내 답: B (정답)
The unconventional literary philosophy with which Fernando Pessoa approached his writing is manifested in the Portuguese poet’s “heteronyms,” his term for the dozens of fictional personas in whose voices he authored many of his _____ among these personas was Ricardo Reis, author of classical odes in a Horatian style.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
works: and
works;
works and
works,
내 답: B (정답)
William Shakespeare likely arrived in London as early as 1585, at the age of 21, to pursue a career in the theater. Little is known of his early years there, but by 1593 he was becoming known for plays such as Richard III. _____ in 1599, he would delight audiences with Much Ado About Nothing, considered by some to be one of his greatest works.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
In other words,
Conversely,
Thus,
Later,
내 답: D (정답)
Soil polluted with cadmium (a heavy metal) is harmful to many plants and animals, but the plant species Elodea canadensis, or Canadian waterweed, not only thrives in such conditions but also helps remediate them. As a metal hyperaccumulator, Elodea canadensis absorbs a large amount of cadmium and stores it safely in its roots and shoots; _____ cadmium concentrations in the soil decrease.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
specifically,
nevertheless,
in addition,
accordingly,
내 답: C (오답)
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The student wants to specify when Ur was formed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Ur was a supercontinent, a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth’s continents.
The supercontinent Ur formed about 3.1 billion years ago.
Long ago, the Earth was home to supercontinents like Ur and Columbia.
Over hundreds of millions of years, the supercontinent cycle results in supercontinents forming and breaking apart.
내 답: B (정답)
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide an example of a public service that Ixmiquilpan is responsible for. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
Ixmiquilpan is one of 84 municipalities in Hidalgo providing public services to their communities.
Ixmiquilpan—a governmental region in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico—provides public services to its residents.
As a municipality, Ixmiquilpan is responsible for providing water treatment to its residents.
In 2020, the municipality of Ixmiquilpan had a population of 98,654.
내 답: C (정답)
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The student wants to explain an advantage of the Oak Tree House dwelling site. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
The location of Oak Tree House, an Ancestral Puebloan dwelling site in southwestern Colorado, provided an advantage to its inhabitants.
Located in southwestern Colorado, Oak Tree House is an Ancestral Puebloan dwelling site that was inhabited from approximately 1180–1210 CE.
The relatively flat terrain on which Oak Tree House was built allowed for the construction of large terraced buildings.
Since it was built under a rock overhang, Oak Tree House was naturally protected from heavy rain and snow.
내 답: D (정답)
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The student wants to describe the study’s research methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
In the study, a lower percentage of Ficus obtusifolia seeds ingested by bats germinated than those that had not been ingested by bats.
The team of researchers tested the germination of 120 Ficus obtusifolia seeds that had been ingested by Jamaican fruit bats and 120 Ficus obtusifolia seeds that had not been ingested.
K. Heer et al. wanted to explore the effects of Jamaican fruit bats’ ingestion on Ficus obtusifolia seed germination.
Research by K. Heer et al. revealed that 111 of 120—that is, 93%—of the Ficus obtusifolia seeds that had been ingested by bats germinated.
내 답: B (정답)
Despite stated claims of global relevance, much major research on income inequality performed in the 2010s suffered from a myopic focus on a few countries in North America and Western Europe, partly due to limited data availability. Researchers would later _____ this shortcoming after gaining new access to administrative records located in nations in South America, such as Brazil, and Eastern Europe, such as Russia.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
validate
presuppose
categorize
mitigate
내 답: C (오답)
One popular theory of the origin of the Moon, the “big whack,” posits that a protoplanet called Theia collided with Earth, flinging debris into orbit that eventually coalesced into the Moon. Until recently, Theia was _____, but researcher Qian Yuan and colleagues now claim to have identified pieces of the protoplanet in the lowermost section of Earth’s mantle.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
desultory
notional
veritable
spurious
내 답: B (정답)
Political blogs with conspicuous ideological alignments became an integral component of US media in the early 2000s. While some commentators lauded this development, asserting that such blogs had a welcome transparency missing from traditional news, less _____ observers countered that such blogs tended to ideological extremes that exacerbated political polarization to problematic levels.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
recalcitrant
earnest
sanguine
misanthropic
내 답: B (오답)
Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of genetic material from a parent to offspring; horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. While horizontal gene transfer is common among prokaryotes—single-celled organisms, such as the bacteria Brevundimonas diminuta and Massilia timonae—it has rarely been observed among eukaryotes (multicellular organisms). However, new studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more common in eukaryotes than originally thought.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
It contrasts the frequency with which a biological phenomenon has been detected in two categories of organisms.
It argues that two biological phenomena are more similar than they may initially appear to be.
It explains why a common perception of a biological process is flawed.
It indicates a distinction between the mechanics of two kinds of biological processes.
내 답: B (오답)
During Rome’s republican period, which ended in the first century BCE, libraries were predominantly owned by wealthy individuals who tightly controlled access to their book collections. The first public library became available in Rome in 28 BCE and was soon followed by one commissioned by Emperor Augustus. As modern scholar Fabio Fernandes notes, however, these two traditions aren’t as distinct as they seem, as both the emperor and the private library owners viewed their libraries as extensions of their personal patronage, just on vastly differing scales.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
To call into question the notion that private Roman libraries disappeared during the first century BCE
To contend that early imperial leaders in Rome wielded too much influence over libraries
To give a brief overview of public access to libraries throughout Rome’s republican period
To assert that private and early public libraries in ancient Rome had an essential similarity
내 답: B (오답)
The following text is from George Marion McClellan’s 1895 poem “Eternity.”
My spirit swoons, and all my senses cry
For Ocean’s breast and covering of the sky.
Rock me to sleep, ye waves, and outward bound,
Just let me drift far out from toil and care,
Where lapping of the waves shall be the sound,
Which mingled with the winds that gently bear
Me on between a peaceful sea and sky,
To make my soothing slumberous lullaby.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
To justify the speaker’s qualms about being transported by the ocean to a quiet destination
To contrast the demands of the speaker’s everyday life with the serenity of being rocked to sleep by the ocean
To illustrate the increasing intensity of the speaker’s desire to escape ongoing hardship by gliding on the ocean
To convey the speaker’s longing for the ocean to impart a sense of inner tranquility
내 답: C (오답)
Text 1
Scholarship today overrepresents experimentally fragmented narrative structures, such as that of Flann O’Brien’s At Swim-Two-Birds, beyond the degree to which they actually influenced fiction in Britain and Ireland during the modernist period (roughly 1900–1945). Meanwhile, Elizabeth Bowen’s The Last September, whose coherent, linear narrative structure recalls the fiction of previous centuries, attracts woefully little attention from scholars of modernism.
Text 2
Distant reading, or computer-assisted quantitative analysis of massive collections of digitized texts, can reveal stylistic elements that have heretofore escaped notice, despite being shared by numerous texts from the modernist period. For too long, scholars have focused on narrative fragmentation versus coherence, inhibiting inquiry into other points of stylistic correspondence among works that would enrich our understanding of the modernist canon.
Based on the texts, both the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement about scholarship on works from the modernist period in Britain and Ireland?
It must widen its focus to include aspects of modernist fiction beyond style, a productive but overrepresented site of inquiry.
Without a major shift in focus, the vision that it presents of fiction written in the period will continue to be unnecessarily limited.
Instead of engaging in unproductive debates, it should work to rehabilitate the reputations of neglected modernist works.
Its primary methods for analyzing fiction written in the period are growing obsolete as computer technology advances.
내 답: B (정답)
Many artists associated with hyperpop, a movement in electronic music that emerged in the 2010s, conform to the model perfected by the American duo 100 gecs: bold synthesizer arrangements, propulsive beats, and electronically manipulated vocals. Yet the movement is hardly uniform: Swedish recording artist Namasenda incorporates hip-hop rhythms into the hyperpop sound, for example. Such stylistic diversity is encouraged in part by the music-streaming app Spotify, whose curated playlist of hyperpop songs balances cohesion with variety.
Which statement about Namasenda is best supported by the text?
While some of her recordings conform to the model perfected by 100 gecs, others reject it outright.
Her music diverges from the typical hyperpop sound but doesn’t abandon it.
She developed her unique sound without being influenced by other artists on Spotify’s hyperpop playlist.
Her inclusion on Spotify’s hyperpop playlist inspired established artists to embrace stylistic experimentation.
내 답: D (오답)
Biologist Grace Herzel and colleagues conducted a study of how butterfly color and weather conditions relate to butterfly behavior, which wouldn’t have been possible without data gathered by students and other amateur science enthusiasts in the community. Considering over three years’ worth of data, the researchers found that white butterflies were observed on green flowers more often than any other butterflies were, and that butterflies were observed to feed more often on cloudy days than on other days.
According to the text, which factors seemed to be linked to the behavior of butterflies in Grace Herzel and colleagues’ study?
Weather conditions but not butterfly color
Butterfly color but not weather conditions
Both butterfly color and weather conditions
Neither butterfly color nor weather conditions
내 답: C (정답)
Eighteenth-century economist Adam Smith is famed for his metaphor of the invisible hand, which he putatively used to illustrate a robust model of how individuals produce aggregate benefits by pursuing their own economic interests. Note “putatively”: as Gavin Kennedy has shown, Smith deploys this metaphor only once in his economic writings—to make a narrow point about the then-dominant economic theory of mercantilism—and it was largely ignored until some twentieth-century economists eager to secure an intellectual pedigree for their views elevated it to a fully-fledged paradigm.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
Some twentieth-century economists gave Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand a significance it does not have in Smith’s work, but it is nevertheless a useful model of how individuals produce aggregate benefits by pursuing their own economic interests.
Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand has been interpreted as a model of how individuals acting in their own interest produce aggregate benefits, but it was intended as a subtle critique of the economic theory of mercantilism.
The reputation of Smith’s metaphor of the invisible hand is not due to the importance of the metaphor in Smith’s work but rather to the promotion of the metaphor by some later economists for their own ends.
Although Smith is famed for his metaphor of the invisible hand, the metaphor was largely ignored until economists in the twentieth century came to realize that the metaphor was a robust model that anticipated their own views.
내 답: B (오답)
Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge is an 1838 historical account by Elleanor Eldridge and Frances Harriet Whipple Green. In the book, the authors describe how restorative sleep can be for young people, writing, _____
Which quotation from Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge most effectively illustrates the claim?
"Then let no one turn with too much [fussiness] from the simple story of the humble Elleanor, though it may contain few, or none, of the thrilling charms of poetry and passion."
"Home is home, to the lowly as well as the great; and no rank, or color, destroys its sacred character, its power over the mind, and the affections."
"Blessed are the slumbers of the innocent! They are kindlier than balm, and they refresh and gladden the spirit of childhood, like ministerings from a better world."
"And now, dear reader, a word with you. What is done cannot be undone. We cannot unravel this web of iniquity, and extract justice from this mass of cruel wrongs."
내 답: C (정답)
Early Earth is thought to have been characterized by a stagnant lid tectonic regime, in which the upper lithosphere (the outer rocky layer) was essentially immobile and there was no interaction between the lithosphere and the underlying mantle. Researchers investigated the timing of the transition from a stagnant lid regime to a tectonic plate regime, in which the lithosphere is fractured into dynamic plates that in turn allow lithospheric and mantle material to mix. Examining chemical data from lithospheric and mantle-derived rocks ranging from 285 million to 3.8 billion years old, the researchers dated the transition to 3.2 billion years ago.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ conclusion?
Mantle-derived rocks older than 3.2 billion years show significantly more compositional diversity than lithospheric rocks older than 3.2 billion years do.
There is a positive correlation between the age of lithospheric rocks and their chemical similarity to mantle-derived rocks, and that correlation increases significantly in strength at around 3.2 billion years old.
Mantle-derived rocks younger than 3.2 billion years contain some material that is not found in older mantle-derived rocks but is found in older and contemporaneous lithospheric rocks.
Among rocks known to be older than 3.2 billion years, significantly more are mantle-derived than lithospheric, but this difference decreases in rocks younger than 3.2 billion years.
내 답: B (오답)

Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported by the participants. Assuming participant P6 gave equal ratings to the abstract and cubist paintings, the data in the graph indicate the model predicted that ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the example?
P6 would derive more aesthetic pleasure from abstract paintings than from cubist paintings.
P6’s rating for abstract and cubist paintings would equal one another.
P6 would derive less aesthetic pleasure from abstract paintings than from cubist paintings.
P6’s ratings for abstract and cubist paintings would differ from one another.
내 답: D (정답)
Scholars are increasingly exploring the communication and preservation of ecological knowledge through Indigenous songs (e.g., Temiar songs about landforms and landmarks and those of the Tlingit people about wildlife encounters). In one study, ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al. received insight from Kwaxsistalla Wathl'thla, a song keeper for the Kwakwaka’wakw people in Canada, into songs referencing the people’s use of terraced gardens in intertidal zones along the Pacific Northwest coast for the cultivation of clams for consumption. Archaeological evidence of significant increases in clam size and abundance in that area concurrent with the documented past implementation of the method described in the songs supports the conclusion that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
there is greater corroboration in the archaeological record of ecological practices described in Kwakwaka’wakw songs than of those described in Temiar and Tlingit songs.
non-Indigenous people around the Pacific Northwest coast adopted the practice developed by the Kwakwaka’wakw people after observing its efficacy.
although contemporary Kwakwaka’wakw people have a deep understanding of and appreciation for the fishing and farming practices used by their ancestors, they no longer implement those methods.
the practice used by the ancestors of modern Kwakwaka’wakw people not only effectively maintained a food source but also promoted its robustness.
내 답: B (오답)
For its 1974 work Instant Mural, the Chicano art collective Asco taped members Patssi Valdez and Humberto Sandoval to an outdoor wall in East Los Angeles. The work is manifestly a commentary on constraint, but many critics focus on Valdez and the social constraints women faced at the time, which is understandable but leaves the presence of Valdez’s male collaborator Sandoval unexplained. We should instead consider that in 1974, the art establishment’s recognition of Chicano artists was (and had long been) restricted to sociohistorical muralists, leaving nonmuralist Chicano artists—like Asco’s members—struggling to even exhibit their work; attending to this context opens an interpretation that accounts for all the evidence, allowing us to conclude that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
while Valdez’s presence in Instant Mural represents the social constraints placed on women at the time, Sandoval’s presence represents Chicano muralists’ frustration at their lack of recognition by the art establishment.
the main subject of Instant Mural is female Chicano artists’ experience of being doubly constrained by gender-role expectations and the marginalization of certain types of art.
Instant Mural is best understood not as a critique of the social constraints placed on women but rather as a critique of sociohistorical muralists’ depictions of Chicano culture.
Instant Mural is a reflection on the constraining aesthetic expectations placed on Chicano artists in general rather than on the social constraints placed on women specifically.
내 답: B (오답)
Despite the fact that what is now known as the Carmichael number was first posited by Václav Šimerka, the number is named after the twentieth-century American mathematician Robert Carmichael. One might assume cases like this, where a discovery or concept is not named after the first person who discovered it, to be _____ they are counted among a litany of examples of Stigler’s law.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
rare on the contrary,
rare, on the contrary;
rare, on the contrary,
rare; on the contrary,
내 답: B (오답)
Included in Reclamation! Pan-African Works from the Beth Rudin DeWoody Collection, a 2018 group exhibition at the Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, Virginia, was the work of artist Lorna Simpson, who is best known for her multimedia artworks that juxtapose images of African American women with text fragments. Her work challenges conventional notions of race, gender, history, and _____ she is credited with expanding the horizons of conceptual photographic art.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
memory,
memory, and
memory and
memory
내 답: A (오답)
Nadifa Mohamed is a novelist from Hargeisa, Somalia, who has earned international acclaim in recent years. Writers of other literary forms, such as poetry and drama, are less likely to be recognized beyond their nations’ borders, but many are still well _____ Koulsy Lamko, for example, is a celebrated playwright from Chad.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
known
known:
known and
known,
내 답: A (오답)
Recent analysis of 2010 BL4—an outer solar system object orbiting the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune—has determined its color to be gray, suggesting an icy composition. Such interpretations are ultimately _____ the object’s gray coloration may be an incidental effect of radiation, solar wind, or collisions with other objects rather than evidence of its physical makeup.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
speculative, though
speculative, though,
speculative; though
speculative, though;
내 답: A (오답)
In the list “Things That Arouse a Fond Memory of the Past” from Sei Shōnagon’s Pillow Book, the author delights in pressed silk, a moonlit night, and dried hollyhock. So shrewd an observer is Shōnagon, a lady-in-waiting to Empress Teishi, that her book’s musings on tenth-century Japanese courtly life _____ readers a thousand years later.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
has fascinated
fascinates
fascinate
is fascinating
내 답: A (오답)
The present-day city of Yoshkar-Ola, Russia, was the capital of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, one of many nominally autonomous republics within the Soviet Union. Each of these republics _____ established along ethnolinguistic lines: most residents of the Mari Republic spoke Mari, for example.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
have been
are
were
was
내 답: D (정답)
When, in 2017, Cambridge University students Lucy Moss and Toby Marlow decided they wanted to develop a musical together, one of their goals was for their female actor friends to have good parts to play. _____ they created the show Six, a retelling of the history of King Henry VIII’s wives in which each of the six queens has a starring role.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
In summary,
In other words,
For example,
To that end,
내 답: D (정답)
The prime meridian, the global indicator of zero degrees longitude established in 1884, was originally determined using astronomically derived coordinates. _____ as decades passed, new calculations would reveal increasingly precise coordinates, yet the prime meridian remained unchanged; it wasn’t until the 1980s that, spurred by improved geodetic data, the prime meridian was officially moved—roughly one hundred meters east.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
Granted,
Again and again,
Specifically,
To that end,
내 답: A (정답)
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The student wants to provide an example of a particle physicist whose research focuses on neutrinos. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
The research done on high-energy astrophysical neutrinos exemplifies the work particle physicists do to advance our understanding of subatomic particles.
By studying high-energy astrophysical neutrinos—to name just one example—particle physicists can learn more about neutrinos.
Particle physicist Francis Halzen is known for his discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos.
Neutrinos are a type of subatomic particle that particle physicists are still trying to understand.
내 답: C (정답)
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The student wants to emphasize the difference between the two sculptures. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
While the sculptures share a common material, one spells out a phrase while the other is decidedly more abstract.
Molded into an evocative phrase in Use the Future (1992), an abstract form in Ginger (2023), and an advertising tool in decades past, neon lighting has a number of different applications.
Italian artist Maurizio Nannucci’s and Japanese artist Rikako Kawauchi’s sculptures have employed neon signs in different ways, demonstrating the versatility of the popular material.
Nannucci’s sculpture was made in 1992 and Kawauchi’s in 2023, both well after the advertising heyday of neon signs had passed.
내 답: A (정답)
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The student wants to present contextual analysis to an audience unfamiliar with the concept. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A pattern analysis of Campbell’s Soup Cans might consider how the painting’s repetition of images of soup cans emphasizes the excesses of consumer culture.
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’s portrayal of fragmented human figures challenged conventions of beauty during a time of cultural upheaval (early twentieth century).
An approach to art criticism, contextual analysis considers the historical and cultural contexts of an artwork’s time.
Pattern analysis differs from contextual analysis in that pattern analysis examines the repetition of visual elements in an artwork.
내 답: C (정답)
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The student wants to compare the curviness of the two rivers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
The high-sinuosity Luni River in India is curvier than the low-sinuosity Embarras River in Canada.
The Embarras River’s ratio of stream length to valley length, also known as sinuosity, is greater than that of the Luni River.
By comparing the stream lengths of the Embarras and Luni rivers to their valley lengths, one can calculate their curviness, or sinuosity.
In both the Embarras and the Luni rivers, curviness is determined by comparing stream length to valley length.
내 답: A (오답)

The table summarizes members of a local organization by age and whether they live north or south of Center St. If a member of the organization is selected at random, what is the probability that the selected member is at least 45 years old?
내 답: D (정답)
Which expression is equivalent to
내 답: A (정답)
For the linear function , the graph of
in the xy-plane has a slope of
and passes through the point
. Which equation defines
?
내 답: A (정답)

The function is defined by
What is the value of
?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 17 (정답)
For the given equation , which table gives three values of x and their corresponding values of y?




내 답: A (정답)
A geologist estimates that the volume of a boulder is greater than 12.7 cubic feet but less than 15.7 cubic feet. The geologist also estimates that the boulder weighs 160 pounds per cubic foot of volume. Which inequality represents this situation, where x represents the estimated total weight, in pounds, of the boulder?
내 답: C (정답)
If , what is the value of
?
16
23
30
38
내 답: C (정답)
Which graph represents the given system of equations?




내 답: B (정답)
In triangle ABC, the measure of angle A is 47°, the measure of angle B is 90°, and the measure of angle C is . What is the value of k?
43
45
86
94
내 답: C (정답)

A clothing store buys shirts at a wholesale price of 5.00 dollars each and resells them each at a retail price that is 270% of the wholesale price. At the end of the season, any remaining shirts are marked at a discounted price that is 70% off the retail price. What is the discounted price of each remaining shirt, in dollars?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 4.05 (정답)

Which of the following is closest to the slope of this line of best fit?
-3.3
-1.1
1.1
3.3
내 답: B (정답)

The expression is equivalent to
, where r is a constant. What is the value of r?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 6 (정답)
The equation gives the estimated stock price y, in dollars, for a certain company
days after the company went public,
. Which statement is the best interpretation of
in this context?
1 day after the company went public, the company's estimated stock price is $58
58 days after the company went public, the company's estimated stock price is $1.
The company's estimated stock price increased $58 every day after the company went public.
The company's estimated stock price increased $1 every 58 days after the company went public.
내 답: A (정답)
The total mass, in kilograms, of identical objects is
. Which expression represents the total mass, in kilograms, of
of these objects?
내 답: D (정답)
If , what is the value of
?
6
7
42
294
내 답: C (정답)


Line k is shown in the xy-plane. Line j (not shown) is perpendicular to line k. What is the slope of line j?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 5/6 (오답)

The function is defined by
. What is the y-coordinate of the y-intercept of the graph of
in the xy-plane?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 9 (정답)

The equation gives the corresponding temperature
, in degrees Fahrenheit, of any substance that has a temperature of
kelvins, where
. If a substance has a temperature of 467.33 degrees Fahrenheit, what is the corresponding temperature, in kelvins, of this substance?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 515 (정답)
A circle in the xy-plane has its center at (16, 17) and has a radius of 7k. Which equation represents this circle?
내 답: B (정답)


In the triangle shown, . What is the value of
?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 52/53 (정답)
Parallelogram ABCD is similar to parallelogram PQRS. The length of each side of parallelogram PQRS is 2 times the length of its corresponding side of parallelogram ABCD. The area of parallelogram ABCD is 5 square centimeters. What is the area, in square centimeters, of parallelogram PQRS?
7
10
20
25
내 답: C (정답)
The function is defined by the given equation. The function s is defined by
. Which expression represents the maximum value of
?
내 답: B (정답)
What is the slope of the line that passes through points (-4, 2) and (6, -1) in the xy-plane?
미응시 (보너스 문제)
Which of the following must be true if ?
미응시 (보너스 문제)
If , what is the value of 𝑎?
미응시 (보너스 문제)
The relationship between the speed 𝑆 in mph and the time 𝑇 in hours of a vehicle is defined by the equation . If the time is increased by 2 hours, how many mph does the speed increase?
3 mph
5 mph
6 mph
8 mph
미응시 (보너스 문제)
Which expression is not equivalent to ?
미응시 (보너스 문제)


In the given figure, line 𝑚 is parallel to line l. What is the value of angle y in degrees?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
미응시 (보너스 문제)

In a circle, a 14-inch chord is drawn at a distance (d) of 5 inches from the center. What is the radius in inches of the circle?
8.6
9
6.63
15
미응시 (보너스 문제)

What is the value of y if ?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
미응시 (보너스 문제)
Which of the following equations has a root in common with ?
미응시 (보너스 문제)
If (𝑥,𝑦) are the solutions to the system of equations, what is the value of 𝑦?
0
2
4
5
미응시 (보너스 문제)

What is the value of ?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
미응시 (보너스 문제)
The number of engineers in a company is 75% more than the number of technicians. What is the ratio of the number of engineers to the number of technicians in the company?
7:4
5:4
4:3
3:2
미응시 (보너스 문제)
The operation # is defined for all numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 as 𝑎#𝑏=(𝑎+1)(𝑏−1). If 3#𝑚=10, what is the value of 𝑚?
2.2
3.5
4
5
미응시 (보너스 문제)

What is the value of when
and
?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
미응시 (보너스 문제)

Mary invested $5000 in a certain bond. The annual interest rate is 5% compounded interest. If she makes no other deposits or withdrawals, what is the total value in dollars of her investment after three years? (Round your answer to the nearest tenth.)
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
미응시 (보너스 문제)
A cylinder and a rectangular solid are equal in volume. If the radius of the cylinder is 3 feet and its height is 12 feet, and the dimensions of the rectangular solid are 6 feet, 6 feet, and ℎ feet, what is the height ℎ in feet of the rectangular solid?
미응시 (보너스 문제)

Calculate the area of the triangle:

주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
미응시 (보너스 문제)
A rectangle inscribed in a circle has a width of 6 inches and a height of 8 inches. What is the area in square inches of the circle?
미응시 (보너스 문제)

What is the value of ?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
미응시 (보너스 문제)

What is the value of if
?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
미응시 (보너스 문제)
The nth term in a sequence is defined as . If
and
, what is the value of
?
5
8
13
11
미응시 (보너스 문제)
If (𝑥,𝑦) are the solutions to the system of equations, what is the value of 𝑥?
4
5
6
7
미응시 (보너스 문제)
As part of a science experiment on evaporation, Ella measured the height of water in a glass over a period of time. The function gives the estimated height, in centimeters (cm), of the water in the glass
days after the start of the experiment. Which of the following is the best interpretation of 39 in this context?
The estimated height, in cm, of the water at the start of the experiment
The estimated height, in cm, of the water at the end of the experiment
The estimated change in the height, in cm, of the water each day
The estimated number of days for all the water to evaporate
내 답: A (정답)

The roofs on the buildings of a public garden are designed to allow water to drain into the garden. The table shows the relationship between the area , in square feet, of a roof and the amount of water
, in gallons, drained from the roof into the garden over a certain period of time. Which equation could define
?
내 답: B (정답)
In 2010, a skating team had a total of 35 skaters, each classified as either advanced or intermediate. From 2010 to 2020, the number of advanced skaters on the team increased by approximately 53%, and the number of intermediate skaters on the team increased by approximately 44%. The total number of skaters on the team increased by approximately 49%. Which equation best represents this situation, where [a] represents the number of advanced skaters on the team in 2010 and [b] represents the number of intermediate skaters on the team in 2010?
내 답: C (정답)
The given equation relates the positive numbers b, x, and y. Which equation correctly expresses x in terms of b and y?
내 답: D (정답)
One of the two equations in a system of linear equations is given. The system has infinitely many solutions. If the second equation in the system is , where m and b are constants, what is the value of b?
내 답: D (정답)
What is the solution (x, y) to the given system of equations?
내 답: A (정답)

The histograms summarize the distributions of scores for team A and team B. Which statement best compares the standard deviations of scores for these teams?
The standard deviation of scores for team A is less than the standard deviation of scores for team B.
The standard deviation of scores for team A is greater than the standard deviation of scores for team B.
The standard deviation of scores for team A is equal to the standard deviation of scores for team B.
There is not enough information to compare the standard deviations.
내 답: A (정답)

What is the sum of the solutions to the given equation?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 5 (정답)

The graph of is shown, where
, and a, b, and c are constants. For how many values of x does
?
Three
Two
One
Zero
내 답: D (정답)

To study fluctuations in leaf water potential, samples of wood were taken from 22 trees and cut in the shape of a cube. The length of the edge of one of these cubes is 3.000 centimeters. This cube has a density of 0.250 grams per cubic centimeter. What is the mass of this cube, in grams?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 6.75 (정답)

Function is a quadratic function where
. The graph
in the xy-plane has a vertex at
. What is the value of
?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: -12 (정답)
The function f gives the product of a number, x, and a number that is 91 more than x. Which equation defines f?
내 답: C (정답)
In the given equation, c is a constant. The equation has exactly one solution. What is the value of c?
-68
-50
-32
0
내 답: B (정답)
In the given system of equations, a is a constant. The graphs of the equations in the given system intersect at exactly one point, (x, y), in the xy-plane. What is the value of x?
-9
-4
4
9
내 답: C (정답)
The positive number a is 2352% of the sum of the positive numbers b and c, and b is 84% of c. What percent of b is a?
5,152%
2,436%
51.52%
24.36%
내 답: A (정답)
The functions f and g are defined by the given equations below, where . Which of the following equations displays, as a constant or coefficient, the minimum value of the function it defines, where
I only
II only
I and II
Neither I nor II
내 답: D (정답)

In the given equation, are constants, and
. If the equation has infinitely many solutions, what is the value of
?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 403 (정답)
The perimeter of an isosceles right triangle is inches. What is the length, in inches, of the hypotenuse of this triangle?
내 답: C (정답)

A right triangular pyramid has exactly six edges. Each of these edges is 96 centimeters long. If the surface area of the pyramid is square centimeters, what is the value of
?
주관식 (Student-Produced Response) — 답을 직접 계산해서 적어보세요.
내 답: 48 (오답)
The cost of renting a piece of construction equipment for up to 5 days is $270 for the first day and $135 for each additional day. Which of the following equations gives the cost y, in dollars, of renting the equipment for x days, where is a positive integer and ?
내 답: A (정답)
A line intersects two parallel lines, forming four acute angles and four obtuse angles. The measure of one of these eight angles is . The sum of the measures of four of the eight angles is
. Which of the following could NOT be equivalent to k, for all values of x?
내 답: A (정답)
For each real number r, which of the following points lies on the graph of each equation in the xy-plane for the given system?
내 답: B (정답)