📐 SAT Practice Test #40 복습 드릴

In the past, ​​in large towns or cities, trams were often a good solution as they filled the gap between districts and boroughs. They could carry large numbers of people and could be incorporated with existing public transport. However, with the introduction of the motorbus, the tramway suddenly seemed comparatively expensive to operate, and the ________ it enjoyed in the early 1900s diminished.

Commonly, job candidates exhibit strong eagerness towards potential employment prospects while concurrently wrestling with feelings of anxiety. Such tension often manifests in an inability to remain seated and an inclination towards ______ pacing prior to the interview, clearly signaling their nervous anticipation.

On a sunny autumn day, several thousand anti-regime protesters gather in October Square for a demonstration. Speakers ________ the Government and its economic reforms. Several hundred demonstrators close off the Garden Ring Road by the Foreign Ministry, building barricades and pelting police with rocks and firebombs. Mr. Rutskoi issues an appeal to people to take to the streets: "Everyone rise up for the struggle against the dictatorship!"

The role and function of university counseling centers (UCCs) has continued to evolve in response to a variety of social, political, and economic factors, and in answer to the ________ changes in demographics of student populations. Some changes, many have argued, are more important than the other, such as the rise of the generation who are exposed to SNS and increase of students from divorced families.

In 1995, a U.S. News & World Report survey posed the following question to readers: "If someone sues you and you win the case, should he pay your legal costs?" Eighty-five percent of respondents said yes. Others got this question: "If you sue someone and lose the case, should you pay his costs?" This time, only 44 percent said yes. As this turnabout illustrates, one's sense of fairness is easily tainted by self-interest. This is considered biased fairness, rather than simple bias because people are genuinely motivated to be fair.

Most of us probably know the concept of diversification from the perspective of finance. Savvy investors usually don’t put all their eggs into one basket. Diversification also occurs when we buy consumer goods. In that domain, however, diversification isn’t always the most advantageous strategy. Have you ever opted for variety in purchasing a month’s supply of breakfast cereal, only to later regret not having chosen more boxes of your favorite cereal?

When the hawkmoth Manduca sexta catches the scent of a flower on which it can feed, it flies in a zigzag pattern as it tracks the odor to its source. Then, hovering over the bloom like a helicopter, the moth extends its long proboscis to probe the flower and dine on nectar. As in other pollinator-plant interactions, the hawkmoth uses cues such as flower color, shape, fragrance, and texture to find and evaluate flowers as potential food sources. But recent studies suggest that floral carbon dioxide, which is associated with nectar production and increased respiratory activity, may also play a role in the interaction between flowers and their insect pollinators.

Anyone who has read Edward Snow’s highly personal and poetic Study of Vermeer is unlikely to be able to meet the gaze of the young woman in The Girl with the Pearl Earring without feeling something of the confusion and complicity he so eloquently describes. “To meet this young girl’s gaze is to be implicated in its urgency,” Snow writes. “It is me at whom she gazes, with real, unguarded human emotions, and with an intensity that demands something just as real and human in return.” Snow describes the girl’s gaze as a stew of unresolved contradictions, which only leaves the captivated viewer all the more guilty and confused. Surprise, bewilderment, yearning, acceptance, understanding—in sequence, or all at once—her glance seems to convey all of these.

Since disfluencies show that a speaker is thinking carefully about what she is about to say, they provide useful information to listeners, cueing them to focus attention on upcoming content that’s likely to be meaty. One famous example comes from the movie Jurassic Park. When Jeff Goldblum’s character says, “I’m, I’m simply saying that life, uh . . . finds a way,” the disfluencies emphasize that he’s coming to grips with something not easy to explain—an idea that turns out to be a key part of the movie.

In the novel Beloved by Toni Morrison, published in 1987, the protagonist Sethe is haunted by her past experiences during and after slavery, which affect her present life profoundly. Morrison skillfully intertwines memory and reality to depict Sethe's psychological landscape:" ______ 

The US healthcare system has made significant strides in the implementation of systems that manage electronic health records, which include information such as a patient’s medical history, medications currently prescribed, and a list of allergies. From 2001 to 2013, the use of electronic health record systems by office-based physicians _____

Brave New World is a 1932 novel by Aldous Huxley. In the story, Bernard Marx is initially critical of the World State, the society which outcasts him. However, once he turns himself into a social success, he begins to enjoy living in the World State while continuing to criticize it, because doing so assured himself: ______ 

Open-book management (OBM), which makes financial and other corporate data available to all employees, may seem like an ideal way to run a business. However, business leaders have voiced a couple of concerns. First of all, sensitive financial data, if disclosed, can be exploited by competitors. Secondly, employees who learn how much a company makes and spends might become resentful about having to economize in their own work _____

In the mid-1800s, the US government lacked detailed information about the American Southwest. Seeking ways for the army to scout this territory, _____ that camels could be used as pack animals in the region’s harsh climate and vast spaces.

In China, calligraphy—the ancient practice of artistically writing Chinese characters—has long been revered as a supreme form of visual art. Chinese calligraphy also _____ the more practical purpose of communicating language in a variety of scripts.

Many animals produce sounds that resemble human music. For example, in the 1960s, Cornell researchers Katy and Roger _____ that humpback whales create songs consisting of long, intricate sequences.

In her recent work “Adam and Eve,” Hernandez utilizes distinctive religious images to emphasize Chicano culture’s unequal gender relations. Through such work, Hernandez reinforces the identity and the voice of Chicano ______ the unique challenges they face in America.

A new type of food has entered the consumer and legislative ______ the GMOs (genetically modified organisms), living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. GMOs are usually divided into two types: process-based and product-based.

In 1854, Emma became the president of the Dress Reform Association and wore full male attire, including ______ As she got older, Emma became interested in other progressive movements such as the suffragette movement.

Dr. Lauren Kilroy-Ewbank, an Art History professor at Brooklyn College, believes that a half-human, half-skeleton clay mask found at a Tlatilco burial ______ underscores life’s dependence on death and the cycle between the two. The theme of duality in this burial sculpture is especially clear because its face is split between life and death.

When Sophia married Tolstoy, he was already a well-known author. Both members of the couple were literary in ______ interests: Sophia had been a gifted student and, even at a very young age, was a voracious and sensitive reader.

Abstract artist Stanley Whitney often finds sensory inspirations, such as the colors he encounters in his travels. He recounts seeing ten thousand shades of orange on a trip to India, several of which have found their way into his paintings. _____ many of the paintings’ titles, such as James Brown Sacrifice to Apollo (2008) and My Tina Turner (2013), allude to music, which Whitney cites as essential to him and to the African American community in which he was raised.

The research, equipment, and training needed to implement 3-D printing in a health-care facility require significant up-front costs. _____ several dozen medical centers in the United States already use 3-D printers, and they can lead the way in demonstrating just how worthwhile the investment can be. As Anthony Atala, director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, says, “3-D printing has the potential to revolutionize medicine.”

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• When cattle and other livestock are concentrated along streams, they are reported to change the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the water. 

• When livestock excrete in or near streams, they add nitrogen and phosphorous compounds, and pathogenic bacteria to the water. 

• Heavy concentration of livestock near waterways negatively affects local use of the water. 

• It also presents health hazards to downstream users of the water.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is used as a model organism for many different areas of study. 

• The Drosophila’s genomic structures and patterns are very similar to humans’. 

• Approximately 75% of the genes responsible for human diseases are also found in fruit flies. 

• Fruit flies also have short generation time and low maintenance costs, making them one of the most studied animals in the world.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• The Andromeda Galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy. 

• It is about 2.5 million light years from the Earth. 

• The Andromeda Galaxy is the nearest large galaxy to the Milky Way Galaxy. 

• While most objects in space are traveling away from us, the Andromeda Galaxy is moving toward us. 

• The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are expected to collide in around 4-5 billion years.

Everyone knows Michael Jordan was one of the greatest basketball players of all time. Still, his early basketball accomplishments were ________. In fact, he was cut from his ninth-grade basketball team because the coach did not think he had sufficient talent and was not working hard enough. Obviously, Michael made a lot of improvement.

Caviar. This upscale food is low in calories. One tablespoon of caviar has about 40 calories, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The fat in caviar comes from omega-3 fatty acids, considered beneficial for the heart. Caviar is also rich in vitamin E. The bad news is that it packs 94 milligrams of cholesterol per tablespoon and is high in sodium, a ________ for those with high blood pressure.

Active distribution of local produce is making a comeback. This approach addresses both the quantity and quality issues and may cost less than the industrial equivalent product. There are many profitable examples of farms designed under these principles. They are not a step backward at all and involve less ________ work and more enjoyable work because there is a more human element in this process.

The New York City gardens are political spaces, as ________ by Karen Schmelzkopf. Schmelzkopf (1995) wrote in her paper how community gardens on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City provide low-income residents with an opportunity to connect with nature and their community and to engage with local nonprofit organizations and municipal authorities working to preserve urban green space.

The Doctrine of Uniformity, also known as uniformitarianism, is the principle that the forces governing the physical world have not changed qualitatively. Therefore, in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geology, scientific observations and principles apply that natural processes operated in the past are assumed to be the ____  way that they operate today.

Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children, involves ensuring that all _________children and those belonging to ethnic minorities have access to good quality and completely free primary education. The initiative must meet their learning needs through fair access to appropriate resources and programs.

Sandra’s parents were upset to see that she adopted such a _____ attitude towards her studies, instead of putting in the hard work they believed was required. 

While many people are aware that France is a country of rivers–the Seine, the Lorie, the Rhone, the Garonne–few people are aware that France is also a country of woods and forests. These forests are not abandoned but are tended by foresters. Trees are felled to provide the logs for wood stoves, still a major form of heating in the towns and villages of rural France. One cubic meter of logs for a stove will last a week, and a forester can often sell you this quantity for about 50 euros.

When we started driving, it changed life quickly, and we barely had time to think about it. The first electric car came out in England in the 1800s, and they made the speed limit four miles per hour. This was as fast as a person carrying a red flag could run in front of the car. This was probably the last time cars moved at human speed. At first, cars simply joined the chaotic traffic already in the street, where the only real rule of the road in most North American cities was “keep to the right.”

Text 1

What accounts for the inexorable advance of the giant sports utility vehicle (SUV) into our lives? Why do we want high-clearance trucks with four-wheel drive and front bumpers as big as battering rams? A large part of the answer lies in the fake Western names so many of them carry. No one much cares about what those names denote (lakes, frontier towns, mountain ranges); what matters is their connotations of rugged individualism, mastery over the wilderness, cowboy endurance.

Text 2

When a major manufacturer launched an SUV named for an Alaskan mountain, an auto-trade publication discussed the subtleties of its name. It proposed that even though most buyers will never venture into territory any less trampled than the parking lot of the local shopping mall, the important goal of the marketing hype is to plant the image in customers' minds that they can conquer rugged terrain.

Whistling and moaning, a 50-mile-an-hour wind whipped among the telescope domes atop Kitt Peak. A few feet below, turning gray in the dusk, slid a river of clouds that had been rising and dropping all day. High above, comet Hale-Bopp hung like a feathery fishing lure, its tail curving off a bit, as if blown to the side by the punishing wind. One by one, stars winked on in a darkening sky. Nearby, wild horses wandered past. They never glanced skyward at the gossamer swath of Hale-Bopp nor at the wondrous spectacle that is the night sky on a clear night, comet or no. It felt good to be human.

Researchers studying the effects of air pollution on plant growth have observed that plants in urban areas, where air pollution is higher, tend to have slower growth rates compared to those in rural areas. To further investigate this, Dr. Alice Chen and her team measured the concentration of particulate matter in the air at various urban and rural locations and correlated it with the growth rates of a common species of shrub found in both environments.

Abstract artist Stanley Whitney became fascinated with color as a young boy in Philadelphia. He studied art in Kansas City and New York City during a time when minimalism—a less-is-more style exemplified by simple shapes and one-dimensional colors—was prominent. Whitney’s approach to color reflects his embrace of minimalist principles. Once, he commented that _____

The traditional process for fabricating a medical object composed of several different elements is to mold the elements individually and then piece them together in a factory. In contrast, a 3-D printer uses a computerized blueprint to create customized objects by precisely spraying thin layers of a gel or powder into whatever shape is needed. For example, a laboratory can use a patient’s computed tomography (CT) scan as a model to create an exact replica of a hip joint to be used as a replacement, and a doctor can produce a 3-D-printed hearing aid shell that _____

Sir Ronald Ross, winner of the 1902 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, _____ the Anopheles mosquito as the transmitter of human malaria.

“Every poet has trembled on the verge of science,” wrote Henry David Thoreau, the _____ and naturalist. Like Thoreau, many Western philosophers and artists of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries struggled with what they saw as the cold, impersonal empiricism stemming from the scientific revolution and Enlightenment era.

In a 1995 book on management, author John _____ of a hotel that was losing money because it was only two-thirds full (an average nightly occupancy rate of 67 percent).

When it was published in 1998, “Story of Your Life” _____ a favorite of fans and critics alike. It won the prestigious Nebula Award for science fiction and was adapted into the 2016 Oscar-winning Hollywood film Arrival.

During his research, acclaimed science fiction writer Ted Chiang learned about a theory known as linguistic determinism, which _____ that language is not only a tool to communicate information about the world but also a lens through which people perceive the world.

Animal domestication—the process of breeding tame animals over time to be more docile and suitable for human care and use—produces animals with an array of physical differences. These differences—which include white patches in the fur, floppy _____ diminished snout, tooth, and brain size—are collectively known as “domestication syndrome.”

A gifted polymath, scientist Alexander von Humboldt contributed to the modern conceptualization of nature as an interconnected web of life. Humboldt argued that viewing science as a collection of unconnected facts would lead one to believe that _____ “chill the feelings.”

Many people fear or dislike spiders, but spiders are mostly beneficial because they prey on insects and other pests. The spiders commonly seen out in the open during the day are usually harmless and unlikely to bite people. ______ poisonous spiders generally spend most of their time in woodpiles, corners, or boxes and rarely come into contact with human beings.

In the 1951 science-fiction film The Day the Earth Stood Still, composer Bernard Herrmann used a peculiar, relatively new instrument called the theremin to give voice to these aliens. Previously used in thriller films, the electronic instrument was used to produce sounds that many compare to high-pitched shrieks or wails. However, the theremin was not originally invented for film or to create a sense of unease; _____ its inventor, Leon Theremin, envisioned the device as a substitute for traditional instruments like the violin. 

Dictionary maker Samuel Johnson used the Dictionary to promote words he favored and to protest words he disliked. In the definition for “pictorial,” a term coined by Sir Thomas Browne, Johnson described the word as one “not adopted by other writers, but elegant and useful.” _____ the word “writative,” which Johnson had found in the letters of Alexander Pope, was not even granted a definition; Johnson simply wrote “A word of Pope’s coining: not to be imitated.”

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Dred Scott v. Sandford was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court in 1857. 

• It held that the US Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of black African descent, enslaved or free. 

• Therefore, black African descendants in America could not enjoy the rights and privileges of the Constitution, such as voting. 

• This decision was important in catalyzing the American Civil War, which began four years later. 

• Dred Scott v. Sandford was superseded and nullified by the passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments to the US Constitution. 

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Roxanne Gay is an American author and professor. 

• She published the novel An Untamed State in 2014. 

• The central character is Mireille Duval Jameson, a Haitian-American woman who is kidnapped for ransom. 

• The novel is often referred to as a fairy tale because of its structure and style.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Octopuses have eight arms, and each contains its own ‘mini-brain.’ 

• Each arm is able to taste, touch, and move independently. 

• Localized control allows octopuses to complete tasks efficiently. 

• However, the centralized brain is also able to exert top-down control when necessary. 

• Octopuses have the benefit of both localized and centralized control over their actions.

Talent is hard to come by yet often easily discernible as people with talent often show telltale signs. For example, Pablo Picasso was _____ youth: his extraordinary artistic talent was obvious at a very early age. 

Most people tend to be worldly in today’s capitalistic society, but not Jared.  He has the habits of _____: he lives simply and donates most of his income to local charities. 

Some species of moths have special CO2 receptor cells that are located in a sensory organ, the labial-palp pit organ (LPO). Morphological studies have shown that this organ contains up to 2,000 receptor cells, and physiological experiments have revealed that those sensory cells respond specifically to CO2 with high sensitivity. Through relevant studies, the ability to _____ subtle variations in ambient CO2 concentration is well established among moths.

Many modern physicists have attained greatness by making findings in extremely specific, often arcane fields of study. But Newton was the first to comprehend such a large chunk of the cosmic plan. What’s more, he also developed complicated mathematical frameworks that prove his theories.

Solar panel installations continue to grow quickly, but the solar panel manufacturing industry is in the doldrums because supply far exceeds demand. The poor market may be slowing innovation, but advances continue; judging by the mood this week at the IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference in Tampa, Florida, people in the industry remain optimistic about its long-term prospects.

According to the National Park Service, about a million tourists pay their respects to Thomas Jefferson at his memorial each year. On the March day in 1993 that I visited, several hundred tourists walked up the marble steps and looked up to the four inscribed panels on the walls and read the words, often moving their lips and murmuring the famous phrases to themselves. The first panel, which attracted more attention than the others, contained the most famous and familiar words in American history: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”

The following text is adapted from Philip Roth’s American Pastoral. “The Swede” was the nickname of Seymour Levov, a talented athlete from the narrator’s hometown. 

One night in the summer of 1985, while visiting New York, I went out to see the Mets play the Astros, and while circling the stadium with my friends, looking for the gate to our seats, I saw the Swede, thirty-six years older than when I’d watched him play baseball for Upsala. The golden hair was a shade or two darker but not any thinner. In this suit that fit him so exquisitely, he seemed even taller and leaner than I remembered him in the uniform of one sport or another. The woman with us noticed him first. “Who is that?” “My God. You know who that is? It’s Swede Levov,” I told my friends, “that’s the Swede!” 

Skilled-based volunteering (SBV) provides for professionals an opportunity to sharpen their skills outside of the workplace. Some businesses, such as Safeco, a Seattle-based insurance company, even use SBV as a form of professional development. The evidence is compelling for more companies to offer SBV opportunities: in a survey of human resources managers at Fortune 500 companies, 90 percent said SBV among employees contributed to the development of leadership skills, _____

Text 1

Many scientists tend to split the universe into two realms: science and irrationality. They believe that “truth” is only what can be experimentally proved and that “understanding” is only what fits into the straitjacket of logic. But life can be a far richer tapestry than the threads of logic alone can weave. It is myopic to define “reason” so narrowly that one can't see the other threads. Science can teach us many things, but there are some truths science cannot measure. 

Text 2

Neurologist James Austin first experienced spiritual enlightenment on a London train platform, staring at the Thames River. The scene felt "absolutely real, intrinsically right, and perfectly ultimate," dispelling his belief of separateness. Several insights followed quickly. Austin wrote about how this event inspired his studies into the neurology of spiritual experiences. Yet, the scientific community often discounts such mystic research, associating it with self-deception or fraudulence.

A group of journalists propose an idea that whereas people historically believed in political objectivity of cultural experts—newspapers such as The Times or broadcasters such as the BBC—people nowadays are skeptical of experts’ political objectivity. In order to test their idea, the journalists designed a survey asking various questions related to news stories.  

A Raisin in the Sun is a 1959 play by Lorraine Hansberry. The play centers on the Youngers, an African American working-class family who receives $10,000 in life insurance payment. Wanting to invest the money in a liquor store, Walter Younger chastises his sister, Beneatha, for wanting to use the money to finish schooling and become a doctor: ________ 

While the pressures of an aging population, insurance reforms, and health epidemics have increased demand for care, the supply of physicians is not expected to keep pace. The Association of American Medical Colleges predicts a shortage of over 90,000 physicians by 2020; by 2025, that number could climb to more than 130,000. In some parts of the country, shortages are already a sad fact of life. A 2009 report by the Bureau of Health Professions notes that although a fifth of the US population lives in rural areas, less than the tenth of US physicians serves that population. _____

The start of the first golden age of comic books is often dated to 1938 with the debut of Superman. Besides beginning the age, Superman in many respects defined it, becoming the model on which many later superheroes were based. His characterization, as established in Superman #1 (1939), was focused on his physical strength. He could “hurdle skyscrapers” and “leap an eighth of a mile”; withstand anything less than a “bursting shell”; and _____

For a 2015 piece entitled In the Realm of Zen, contemporary artist Wang Dongling composed paintings using white acrylic paint on eight immense clear sheets. Holding a model text written in standard script in one _____ used the other to reproduce the text in a sprawling cursive script on each sheet.

Literary discussions on unrequited love provide a profound exploration of human emotions. They investigate the anguish and longing intrinsic to one-sided affection, often ______ readers' empathy. These narratives illuminate the intricate dynamics of love, offering valuable insights into the human condition and the complexities of romantic relationships.

Material science has led to the development of metamaterials, materials engineered to have properties not found naturally. Since their introduction, metamaterials ______ various fields, including optics and acoustics, by enabling the control of waves in unprecedented ways. The potential applications range from super lenses to invisibility cloaks, redefining boundaries of what's possible.

Modeling turbulent flow—irregular fluctuations in the pressure and velocity of a liquid or gas—is important for understanding a number of complicated _____ the flow of air in the atmosphere, the circulation of blood in the body, and the behavior of fuel and air in engines.

In 1997, during his sail in the North Pacific Ocean, oceanographer Charles J. Moore discovered a garbage patch, which earned a compelling name, the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch.” However, the patch was not piled high with conventional items of garbage. Rather, it was composed mainly of tiny plastic _____ surface.

An innovative global leader in gaming, Nintendo emerged from the creative fusion of ______ passion for gaming, a hobby turned global phenomenon; and cultural understanding, a subtle but powerful influence. This brainchild of Fusajiro Yamauchi, a visionary entrepreneur, transformed the landscape of interactive entertainment, cementing a legacy that persists into the modern era.

Italy’s Tower of Pisa has been leaning southward since the initial stages of its construction over 800 years ago. _____ if the tower’s construction had not taken two centuries and involved significant breaks due to war and civil unrest, which allowed the ground beneath the tower to settle, the tower would likely have collapsed before it was completed.

Some 90,000 Physician assistants (PAs) were employed nationwide in 2012. Over and above their value in partially compensating for the general physician shortage has been their extraordinary contribution to rural health care. A recent review of the scholarly literature by Texas researchers found that PAs lend cost-efficient, widely appreciated services in underserved areas. _____ rural-based PAs often provide a broader spectrum of such services than do their urban and suburban counterparts, possibly as a consequence of the limited pool of rural-based physicians.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Cilantro is the name for the leaves and stalks of the coriander plant. 

• Cilantro is known for its tangy citrus flavor. 

• However, between 4 and 14% of people find that cilantro tastes like soap. 

• Genetic researchers asked 30,000 people what they thought cilantro taste like. 

• They compared the genomes of these individuals and found that those who said cilantro tastes like soap share a common smell-receptor gene cluster.

• This cluster picks up the smell of aldehyde chemicals, which are found in cilantro leaves and used for soapmaking.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Nicola Yoon is a Jamaican-American author. 

• In 2016, she published the novel The Sun Is Also a Star. 

• A central character is Natasha, a girl who is in the process of being deported to Jamaica. 

• Another central character is Daniel, a boy who wants to be a poet although his parents push him towards medical school. 

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Adrian Wackett, a researcher at the University of Minnesota, wanted to learn about earthworm distribution. 

• He compiled data from 6,928 sites in 57 counties, sampling about 100 himself. 

• He found that climate variables influence earthworm distributions. 

• Earthworms move toward regions with ideal temperatures and precipitation. 

• This study rejected the hypothesis that earthworm distribution is dependent on soil properties.