📐 SAT Practice Test #63 복습 드릴

Despite the common misconception that visual cues are paramount in underwater navigation, research on sperm whales has _______ this assumption by documenting the animals’ reliance on echolocation. By emitting clicks and interpreting the returning echoes, the whales can locate prey in deep waters where little or no light is available.

Colleagues describe Dr. Susan Okoye as unusually reluctant to speculate. In the field she will not characterize a coral reef's decline until the survey data are in, and in the lecture hall she declines to generalize beyond the cases she can document. Whether researching or teaching, in other words, her claims are ______ by evidence rather than by intuition or expectation.

Researchers have proposed several functions for the monument: its arrangement may reflect observations of the solstices, but nearby human remains also suggest that it had a ceremonial or funerary role. Because the available evidence supports more than one interpretation, Stonehenge remains an archaeological _______.

The following text is excerpted from an article titled “The True Value of Money,” published in Reader’s Digest in 1998.

According to reports from psychologists worldwide, measures of personal happiness hardly change as the national income rises. This finding has led many social critics to maintain that income growth has ceased to foster well-being. A moment’s recollection suggests otherwise. I remember years ago when our car clanked and juddered and limped into a garage, warning lights ablaze. “Threw a rod,” said the mechanic. “Junk her.” I remember interminable trips to used-car lots, sleepless nights worrying about debt, calls to friends about possible leads. Recently, my wife suggested we get a new car. “Great!” I said. “What about a hybrid?”
​​​​​​​Money can’t buy happiness, but having money sure takes the pressure off.

In the 1880s, when many British writers regarded commercial theater as unsuitable for serious drama, some intellectuals began championing the plays of the Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen. They valued his social-realist works because the plays addressed political and moral questions largely absent from the commercial stage. Eleanor Marx, for example, taught herself Norwegian so that she could translate Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, which she later presented in an amateur performance in a Bloomsbury drawing room.

John Webster's seventeenth-century drama The Duchess of Malfi introduces two figures who embody its concern with power and corruption. The Cardinal projects a calculated coldness; his refined, austere pride contrasts with the volatility of his brother, Duke Ferdinand, and his precise, efficient manner underscores a ruthless nature. Bosola, by contrast, appears in somber black as a "scholar-assassin" — introspective yet violent, a man whose learning has curdled into disgust at the corruption around him.

Text1

Initially, commercial fish farming, using land-based breeding techniques in oceans, was seen as a solution to overfishing. However, new research reveals concerns. In 1997, 29 million tons of large fish were farmed, but at the cost of using 10 million tons of small wild fish as feed. This practice threatens both small fish populations and fish farming's sustainability.

Text2

Our high demand for seafood has depleted ocean fish populations. With commercial boats often returning empty, the shortage became evident. A solution emerged: fish farming. While traditional fishing declines, fish farming is thriving, keeping premium fish on menus worldwide. Innovative thinking turned a seemingly doomed resource into a sustainable one.​​​​​​​

Iceland holds significant potential for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). CCS is a technology designed to capture carbon dioxide emissions from sources like power plants and store them underground to prevent them from entering the atmosphere. The country’s volcanic rock formations can naturally convert captured carbon dioxide into stable minerals, effectively locking it away. Some scientists argue that Iceland’s basalt formations make it an ideal location for CCS; however, critics point out that the technology required to capture and transport the carbon dioxide to these formations is still in its infancy and could be prohibitively expensive. Others believe that while Iceland's potential is promising, the scalability of such projects remains a critical challenge.

The interior of Greenland is predominantly blanketed by a vast expanse of ice and densely packed snow, collectively referred to as the Greenland Ice Sheet. This immense ice sheet, which covers approximately 80% of Greenland's surface, undergoes seasonal changes in size. Changes in average temperatures during summer and winter significantly affect the thickness of the Greenland Ice Sheet, with warmer summers accelerating ice melt and cooler winters promoting ice accumulation. Based on data from the Nuuk Weather Station in Greenland, summer average daily high temperatures can exceed 50 degrees Fahrenheit, causing partial ice melt; during winter, the Greenland Ice Sheet thickens as more snow accumulates, ______

In Devlin the Barber by Benjamin L. Farjeon, the narrator describes the arrival of Mr. Melladew at his house in a state of extreme distress. Mr. Melladew's daughter, Lizzie, has apparently been murdered. The narrator recounts how Mr. Melladew, overwhelmed by grief, sought solace in his house. The narrator chose not to speak to Mr. Melladew, believing that words could do nothing for a man in such grief: ______

Although no hard evidence was found to prove the age-old story of a huge great white shark wandering up the Hudson to attack a swimmer in a freshwater creek, it was learned that such an event is not out of the realm of possibility. However, if the attack did indeed occur, a bull shark was more likely the guilty party. Unlike their equally ferocious cousins, the great white and tiger sharks, bull sharks can survive in bodies of water with lower levels of salinity than the ocean and are known to frequent rivers such as the Amazon and Mississippi in search of prey.

Earthworms, essential for maintaining healthy soil, thrive best in soil that is nearly neutral in pH, the acid-to-alkaline scale. The decomposition of dead plants, however, often makes the top layer of soil very acidic. To counteract this, applying crushed limestone, which has a high alkalinity, to the soil's surface can help balance the pH, making the soil more inviting for earthworms.

Numerous statisticians view extreme value theory (EVT) as a potent analytical instrument. Traditional statistical methods, which analyze empirical data concerning human longevity, forecast that certain individuals may live beyond 130 years. Conversely, curves generated by EVT suggest that the plausible maximum human lifespan ranges between 113 and 124 years. To date, no individual has exceeded the upper limits projected by EVT analysis. Therefore, the statisticians would suggest that ______​​​​​​​

Conducted in multiple countries, ______ The researchers found significant improvements in student engagement and learning outcomes.

A team of researchers led by Dr. Sarah Johnson at the National Institute of Astrophysics in the USA investigated the atmospheric compositions of two ______ HD 189733b, which is known for its intense storms, and HD 209458b, which is much more tranquil in comparison.

Researchers have discovered that Wilson's disease ______ individuals worldwide since its identification. This genetic disorder, which impairs copper metabolism, has resulted in severe liver and neurological issues.

In 2021, marine biologist Dr. Emily Johnson was exploring the Great Barrier Reef in Australia when she observed unusual coral formations on the ______ the aid of underwater drones, she identified the formations to be part of a previously unknown coral species thriving in the deep sea.

The croiffle, a delightful blend of croissant and waffle, has gained popularity for its unique texture and taste. With layers of flaky pastry, chefs around the world ______ this fusion, adding creative fillings and toppings, to elevate breakfast menus.

The Green Energy Act, which was enacted by the government in 2010, represented a significant shift towards renewable energy sources. By investing in clean energy, it focused on reducing carbon emissions, promoting solar and wind ______ incentives for sustainable energy projects while also supporting research and development in green technologies.

Those who visited the beach at the right time on August 12, 2018, would have witnessed a spectacular meteor shower, during which dozens of meteors streaked across the sky and created a dazzling display. ____ visitors on November 14, 2019, would have seen a rare lunar eclipse, during which the Earth's shadow covered the Moon and caused it to turn a deep red color.

After initial research is completed, a typical scientific study begins with a hypothesis outlining the expected outcomes. Then, experiments are carefully conducted, and data collected is recorded and analyzed for patterns. ______ the results are compiled, interpreted, and presented in a research paper.

Buried beneath the sands of Egypt's Valley of the Kings are tombs so extensive that they can be fully explored only with modern technology. Egyptologists have studied the site since major discoveries there in the 1920s. ______ ground-penetrating radar helps researchers identify hidden chambers and passageways without disturbing the surrounding rock.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
• It is located in the Himalayas.
• Its peak reaches 29,032 feet.
• K2 is the second highest mountain in the world.
• It is located in the Karakoram range.
• Its peak reaches 28,251 feet.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Canada has two official languages, English and French.
• More than 200 languages are spoken in Canada.
• English is the language most often spoken at home in every province and territory except Quebec.
• French is the language most often spoken at home in Quebec.
• About one in five Canadians speaks a language other than English or French at home.
• Most Canadians who speak another language at home also speak English or French.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Marie Curie discovered the elements radium and polonium in 1898.
• Radium and polonium are highly radioactive.
• Curie found that radium could be used to destroy diseased cells, including tumors.
• Treatments using radiation to destroy tumors are now a standard part of cancer care.
• Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and she remains the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different sciences.

People who have worked with Steve Martin have noted a marked difference between his public and private manner. Onstage, his performances can be energetic and expansive; away from an audience, he has often appeared restrained and hesitant. Because both behaviors belong to the same person, observers have sometimes found these apparently ______ traits difficult to reconcile.

The ______ before an international trip can be intense — the bags packed days early, the itinerary reread, the mounting count of days until departure. For many travelers, this feeling is half the pleasure of going.

In journalism, reporters record interviews so that they can later set down the speaker's exact words on the page, rather than relying on memory or hurried notes. Reporters who ______ their recordings can give full attention to the conversation as it happens.

When Alexander Fleming returned from vacation in 1928 to find mold contaminating a forgotten bacterial culture, he might have simply discarded the dish. Instead he noticed that bacteria near the mold had died, and penicillin followed. Like many turning points in medicine, the discovery was largely ______: it depended on a stray spore, an unwashed plate, and a trained eye ready to notice.

The art of writing a biography involves meticulously sifting through the past, attempting to capture the essence of a life within the pages of a book. Writer John Worthen suggested that, in some cases, biographers should be ______, considering all available details rather than making exclusivity a first principle.

Grover Pease Osborne's 1893 economics treatise made a claim that few of his contemporaries would accept: that new technologies would keep expanding the supply of usable natural resources faster than industry could deplete them. A century of substitution and efficiency gains has made the argument look remarkably ______.

Disney, interviewed in the thirties, said, “Sometimes I’ve tried to figure out why Mickey appealed to the whole world. Everybody’s tried to figure it out. He’s a pretty nice fellow who never does anybody any harm, who gets into scrapes through no fault of his own but always manages to come up grinning.” This was perhaps Disney’s image of himself: for twenty years, he did Mickey’s voice in the films and would often say, “There’s a lot of the Mouse in me.” Mickey was a character created with his own pen, and nurtured on Disney’s memories of his mouse-ridden Kansas City studio. 

Impressionism, a revolutionary art movement that emerged in the late 19th century, is characterized by its focus on capturing the fleeting effects of light. Impressionists made it a common practice to paint the same scene many times a day to explore the changes in light, using small patches of color rather than the large brush strokes and blended colors that had characterized artistic technique until that time. The Impressionists thus aimed to evoke a mood rather than document a specific scene or event, as had been the aim of earlier painters.

The Waltham-Lowell system, named after its creator and the Massachusetts town where it began in 1815, was a manufacturing and business strategy. It streamlined textile production by combining all stages under one roof and established detailed worker regulations. Factory owners preferred hiring women, known as "factory girls," because they accepted lower wages and were easier to manage. The system's rules, including mandatory residence in company-owned boarding houses, aimed to protect women's morals. Ironically, many women had to leave their families, even those nearby, leading to a stressful and disorienting experience, especially since living away from home was uncommon and challenging.

The Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s eBird app is more than just an app; it’s a comprehensive online birding database. Designed for both novice and experienced birdwatchers, eBird allows users to document bird sightings and access various digital birdwatching tools. Part of Cornell Lab’s Citizen Science program, eBird encourages global participation in recording bird observations. Observations submitted through eBird are aggregated into datasets that scientists can use to study changes in species distributions. Thus, the platform serves both as a set of practical tools for birdwatchers and as a source of large-scale research data.

Data about the shifts in population and life expectancy across different countries between 1950 and 2017 was analyzed. The goal was to determine how the change in life expectancy in years in India compares to that of other nations. It was observed that ______

The Angel’s Game is a 2008 novel by Carlos Ruiz Zafon. In the novel, the narrator's father despises his son's reading, seeing it as a waste of time. The narrator’s conduct suggests that reading has become an activity he must pursue without his father’s knowledge: _______

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the film industry faced unprecedented challenges. To continue shooting movies, filmmakers had to adopt strict safety protocols. This included regular testing for cast and crew, mandatory mask-wearing, and maintaining social distancing on set. Some productions also created "bubbles" where the entire cast and crew isolated together for the duration of the shoot to minimize the risk of infection. Despite these measures, several projects experienced delays and increased costs due to the additional precautions. However, these protocols were essential to ensure the safety of everyone involved and to comply with health regulations.

BLACK+DECKER manufactures microwaves and the spare parts used to repair them. Since older microwaves develop faults and spare parts are required to fix them, BLACK+DECKER should continue manufacturing spare parts for its older models in the future.

Economists often suggest that the market for classic cars can be an indicator of broader economic trends. Some researchers have proposed that rising prices of classic cars reflect increased wealth and consumer confidence. However, there is limited evidence to suggest that the increase in classic car prices is solely due to economic factors, without considering the influence of rarity and historical significance of the cars. This suggests that ______

Astrobiology aims to discover life beyond Earth. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) could analyze exoplanet atmospheres for biosignatures like methane or water vapor ______ out any indication of the presence of life. This technology may revolutionize our understanding of life's potential in the universe.​​​​​​​

In the scientific paper The Hidden Life of Trees, German forester Peter Wohlleben uses narrative rather than technical jargon ______ the complex relationships and communication methods among trees in a forest ecosystem.

Dr. Lisa Thompson of Harvard Medical School ______ data on brain activity collected by advanced MRI techniques when she made an interesting discovery: specific patterns in brain waves correspond to different stages of sleep, providing new insights into the mechanisms of sleep regulation.

In her two major series Ocean Depths and Marine Life, artist Jessica Miller explored themes ______ conservation, biodiversity, and climate change by using recycled materials and creating intricate sculptures that mimic the delicate ecosystems found in underwater environments.

Professional Italian chef Carlo Rossi developed a recipe for tiramisu in the 1980s. The combination of coffee, cocoa, and mascarpone ______ the dessert its rich, distinctive flavor.

The Blue Moon Café was one of the most popular family-owned establishments in twentieth-century New York. ______ by chef Maria Lopez, the café was known to offer exquisite cuisine and a welcoming atmosphere.

Researchers Hiroshi Tanaka and Priya Patel investigated how ______ In a series of experiments conducted in 2023, they found that people engaging in mindful meditation significantly reduced their stress levels and improved overall well-being.

The invention of blue light in LEDs revolutionized technology, enabling the creation of bright, energy-efficient white light. ______ LEDs only emitted red and green light, limiting their applications. However, the introduction of blue LEDs paved the way for widespread use in displays, lighting, and electronic devices.

Divorce rates have been steadily increasing, reflecting changing societal norms and attitudes toward marriage. Many view this trend as a sign of weakening family values. ______ others argue it indicates a greater emphasis on personal happiness and the pursuit of healthier relationships.

Sugar and honey both serve as sweeteners, but they differ significantly in composition and health benefits. Sugar is a refined product, often criticized for its empty calories and high glycemic index. ______ honey contains antioxidants and nutrients, offering a natural alternative with potential health benefits.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Some coral reefs have been damaged by human activities such as fishing and pollution.
• Marine biologists can restore some coral reefs using transplantation techniques.
• For severely damaged reefs, transplantation is not always feasible because it can be too labor-intensive and expensive.
• Marine biologists can use a coral gardening technique, which involves growing coral fragments in nurseries before transplanting them to the reef.
• This technique is cost-effective and scalable.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• James Turrell is an American artist who uses light and space as his primary mediums of expression.
• He created his work Roden Crater in 1979.
• Roden Crater is a large-scale artwork within a volcanic cinder cone in Northern Arizona.
• The project includes tunnels and chambers that open to the sky.
• When light passes through the openings, it creates a dynamic interplay of light and shadow.

The following text is adapted from Frank Norris’s 1899 novel McTeague. In the story, Maria Macapa, a cleaning lady at the apartment complex where Miss Baker resides, gathers discarded items from tenants to resell, often causing a disturbance with her persistent behavior.

Maria opened Miss Baker's closet unconcernedly. "What's the matter with these old shoes?" she exclaimed, turning about with a pair of half-worn silk gaiters in her hand. They were by no means old enough to throw away, but Miss Baker was almost beside herself. There was no telling what might happen next. Her only thought was to be rid of Maria.

In the early 1950s, biochemist Rosalind Franklin's pivotal research contributed significantly to the discovery of DNA's double helix structure. Although the scientific community initially dismissed her contribution, modern historians have acknowledged the crucial role her X-ray diffraction images played in understanding the building blocks of life: these images are a ______ the precision and dedication inherent in Franklin's work.

Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person's beliefs are inconsistent with their actions and may reflect a broader pattern of behavior where an individual's self-perception does not align with reality. For instance, someone may consider themselves orderly, but their desk cluttered with papers and supplies ______ any sense of order. 

During the lead-up to the Iraq War, leaders held firm to their decision to invade despite widespread international protests and doubts about the existence of weapons of mass destruction. Similarly, in the face of mounting criticism, defense officials remained ______ that the US invasion of Afghanistan was necessary.

The following text is excerpted from Edmund Burke’s 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France. 

A few years ago I should be ashamed to overload a matter so capable of supporting itself by the then unnecessary support of any argument; but this seditious, unconstitutional doctrine is now publicly taught, avowed, and printed. I hear that not only that all the public functionaries in the nation, civil and ecclesiastical, have the same right to neglect their several duties, and to attend the business of the state, but that the nation itself has no right to maintain, to support, to pay them for any attendance whatsoever

During the first half of the nineteenth century, Europe’s sociopolitical changes post-French Revolution led to notable musical developments. The middle class began to patronize public concerts and festivals, previously dominated by the aristocracy, facilitated by new opera houses. Women’s participation in music increased as bourgeois families encouraged daughters to study music to boost marriage prospects and social status. Despite this, female musicians faced restrictions, often prohibited by male relatives from public performance or publishing. Philosophers like Rousseau perpetuated beliefs about women’s intellectual inferiority. Clara Schumann’s career illustrates both the possibilities available to exceptional women and the constraints under which they worked.

When Gwendolyn Brooks published "A Street in Bronzeville" in 1945, critics praised her versatility and craft. However, few discussed her relationship to the Harlem Renaissance. How had she addressed herself, as a poet, to the literary movement's assertion of folk and African culture? Her poem marked a significant departure from Harlem Renaissance poetry by focusing on the realistic portrayal of black women's experiences. Unlike the romantic idealization seen in works by Hughes, McKay, and Brown, Brooks highlighted the harsh realities of racial discrimination and the victimization of poor black women.  

Translators of poetry must decide which features of a poem can be altered without changing the work itself. A strictly literal rendering may preserve individual words while surrendering rhythm, tone, and the associations a phrase carries in its original language. Thus fidelity to a poem's wording and fidelity to its total effect are not always the same commitment, and a translator who honors one may have to loosen the other. Readers comparing English versions of Pablo Neruda's "Tonight I Can Write" have often preferred the freer of two translations, judging that it better carries the movement of the original.

The following text is adapted from W. H. Hudson’s 1904 novel Green Mansions. The protagonist reflects on the impact of Rima’s presence on his life.

My feeling towards her had now become one of intense longing, which yet was not love. I had ceased to think of her as a subject for curious study, a being mysterious and anomalous, but human; she was something more and higher than human.

The prevailing challenge for both political parties in the United States today is their relentless pursuit of voter support at any cost. Given that the typical American voter possesses only a superficial understanding of critical contemporary issues and even less comprehension of policy solutions, politicians are compelled to engage in aggressive and often hostile attacks against their opponents to garner electoral attention. Consequently, instead of selecting the most qualified candidates, American voters, election after election, tend to choose what they perceive as the lesser of multiple undesirable options, ultimately electing the least objectionable candidate for the position.

In their quest for sustainable agricultural practices, researchers Ahmed et al. embarked on an analysis of nutrient levels in various soil types. They evaluated nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations in sandy, clay, loamy, and peat soils. The goal was to ascertain which soil type presents the most balanced nutrient profile, defined as nitrogen content between 8-12 mg/kg, phosphorus content between 4-6 mg/kg, and potassium content between 12-18 mg/kg, for optimal plant growth. The researchers claim that ______.

A virus implicated in repeated village outbreaks has been detected in bats during periods when no human cases occur, leading officials to propose sealing the caves where the bats roost. Biologists note, however, that the virus also persists in domestic animals that forage near the caves and regularly enter village households. Genetic evidence cannot yet determine whether each outbreak begins with a new transmission from bats or with continued circulation among the domestic animals. The proposal therefore assumes, without establishing, that ______

The following text is from Paul Laurence Dunbar's 1899 poem "Sympathy."

I know why the caged bird beats his wing
Till its blood is red on the cruel bars;
For he must fly back to his perch and cling
When he fain would be on the bough a-swing;
And a pain still throbs in the old, old scars
And they pulse again with a keener sting—
I know why he beats his wing! 

In the sixteenth century, English explorer Martin Frobisher sent ore samples from Kodlunarn Island to England for analysis. Reports that the samples contained substantial amounts of gold led Elizabeth I to fund two mining expeditions, but the ore they brought back proved commercially worthless. Modern testing indicates that ore from the island contains little gold, and historians have found that assaying methods used at the time could produce misleadingly high estimates from ore of this kind. The available evidence therefore suggests that ______

The following text is from Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel "Jane Eyre." 

I am no bird; and no net ensnares me: I am a free human being with an independent will; which I now exert to leave you. To be myself, as truly as I ever was. I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the more I will respect myself. I will keep the law given by God; sanctioned by man. I will hold to the principles received by me when I was sane, and not mad—as I am now. Laws and principles are not for the times when there is no temptation: they are for such moments as this, when body and soul rise in mutiny against their rigor; stringent are they; inviolate they shall be.

In Daoism, deities play a significant role in the spiritual practices and beliefs of its followers. The Daoist pantheon includes a diverse array of deities that represent natural forces and celestial beings. Food offerings are an essential aspect of Daoist rituals, serving to show respect, ______ blessings, or appease these deities.

Asia is known to have dozens of unique tea varieties. Only five of these teas are included in the most popular international tea ______ green tea, black tea, oolong, white tea, and pu-erh—the last of which is often grouped with the others despite its distinct fermentation process.​​​​​​​

On October 12, 1997, a Mars rover called the Pathfinder, which had been launched from Earth under the mission directives of NASA, successfully landed on the Martian ______ initial data and images, the rover began its exploration, marking a milestone in space exploration that captivated the world.

For the Amazon rainforest, a vital component of the Earth's ecosystem for millions of years, the forest’s biodiversity offers both advantages and ______ rainforest's countless species, organisms as diverse as jaguars and orchids, all contribute to the ecosystem's health, managing the interactions and balance among them poses significant challenges.

Although physicists Kip Thorne and Brian Greene, building on earlier theoretical work in general relativity, which describes gravity as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime, have examined wormholes as possible shortcuts through ______ the forms of matter required to keep such structures open have not been shown to exist.

In the era of social networking sites, the job market, which has evolved rapidly, adapting to digital transformations, now demands new skills and flexibility, creating opportunities and challenges ______ dynamics of employment constantly reshaping to meet technological advancements and global connectivity.

Coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth, supporting extraordinary numbers of species through abundant sunlight and intricate food webs in shallow tropical waters. ______ hydrothermal vents on the deep ocean floor sustain equally complex communities despite receiving no sunlight, relying instead on chemosynthetic microorganisms as the foundation of their ecosystems.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Mature Amazon forests store large quantities of carbon in trees and soils.
• As trees grow, they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store the carbon in their tissues.
• When mature forest is cleared, burning and decay release much of the stored carbon back into the atmosphere.
• Clearing also removes trees that would otherwise continue absorbing carbon dioxide.
• Reforestation can restore some carbon uptake and storage.
• However, a young replacement forest requires many years to rebuild carbon stocks comparable to those of a mature forest.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Isaac Newton's theory of gravity predicts that a star's light passing near the Sun would be deflected by a small angle, about 0.87 arcseconds.
• Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity predicts that the same light would be deflected by about 1.75 arcseconds — roughly twice the Newtonian value.
• The two predictions differ because general relativity treats gravity as a curvature of space and time, not simply as a force.
• During a total solar eclipse in 1919, astronomers photographed stars whose light passed close to the Sun.
• The measured deflection of the starlight was close to 1.75 arcseconds.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Before the printing press, books in Europe were copied by hand, one at a time.
• Each scribe could introduce new errors, so different copies of the same text often contained different wording.
• Gutenberg’s press used movable metal type to produce many copies from the same arrangement of type.
• As a result, copies within a printed edition were generally more consistent with one another.
• However, if the typeset text contained an error, that error could be reproduced in every copy of the edition.
• Printing therefore reduced variation among copies but did not guarantee that the text was accurate.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• CRISPR-Cas9 uses a guide molecule to direct the Cas9 enzyme to a selected DNA sequence.
• DNA sequences elsewhere in the genome may closely resemble the intended target.
• Cas9 sometimes cuts at these similar but unintended sites, producing off-target edits.
• Researchers have engineered high-fidelity versions of Cas9 that interact more selectively with matching DNA.
• These versions generally make fewer off-target cuts than standard Cas9 does.
• Some high-fidelity versions, however, also cut the intended target less efficiently.