📐 SAT Practice Test #66 복습 드릴

The excavation of Harappan sites has revealed _______ details about the civilization’s complexities, including its trade networks and social hierarchies, which point to a remarkably sophisticated urban culture. This emerging understanding comes from the continued study and interpretation of artifacts and urban planning remnants found at the various sites.

Considering the growing concern over the environmental impact of single-use plastics, companies have started to shift their packaging strategies. To mitigate the damage, many corporations have begun to invest in biodegradable materials, diversifying the sources of packaging products. This move aims to ______ the issue of plastic pollution by introducing more sustainable alternatives to the market.

In a famous paper, the philosopher Thomas Kuhn raised what seemed to him a curious question about the discovery of the conservation of energy about halfway through the nineteenth century. Kuhn observed that this was a simultaneous discovery―within a period of about thirty years, between the mid-1820s and the mid-1850s, a number of scientists more or less independently came up with the idea of the conservation of energy.

When a rival team using a different telescope and a different method arrived at the same measurement of the galaxy's rotation, Alvarez did not treat the result as redundant. An independent path to the same number, she noted, does something a repeated measurement cannot: it ______ the original finding, ruling out the possibility that her own instrument had produced an artifact.

In competitive sports, advanced training techniques are _______ genetic potential. Despite the sophistication of modern coaching empowered with technological aids and novel strategies, an athlete's innate abilities often prove to be the deciding factor in their success. 

Researchers have proposed several explanations for why humans sleep, including memory consolidation, tissue repair, and metabolic regulation. Psychologist Lena Ortiz studies a narrower question: whether the timing and continuity of sleep affect how people respond to stress. Her team compares participants who sleep for similar total durations but follow different schedules. The study is designed to determine whether sleep patterns, apart from sleep quantity, influence emotional regulation.

Through its adaptations of Hindu epics, the Lakon, a traditional Javanese shadow puppet play, exemplifies "creative resistance," strengthening Javanese cultural identity. Historically, Hindu culture significantly influenced Javanese society, introducing epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Hinduism reached Java via trade and conquests, leading to Hindu kingdoms like Mataram and legitimizing rulers. By incorporating local legends and historical figures, the Lakon subverts these Hindu narratives, challenging their dominance. This integration empowers local heroes and validates Javanese history and mythology.

What drives the migration of birds across vast distances? Ornithologists suggest that this behavior can be attributed to a combination of instinct and environmental factors. As seasons change, birds migrate to access more abundant food sources and suitable breeding grounds. This cyclical movement ensures the survival of their species by optimizing their living conditions. Consequently, bird migration has become a subject of fascination and study, reflecting a complex interplay between biology and environmental adaptation.

"The pursuit of scientific knowledge is often hailed as an inherently noble endeavor," states an article on the ethics of research. However, the author argues that this idealized view can be misleading. It overlooks the complexities and potential negative consequences of scientific advancements. For instance, the development of nuclear technology has led to significant ethical dilemmas and global security threats. Additionally, the commercialization of scientific discoveries can prioritize profit over societal well-being, compromising the integrity of research.

Online learning can broaden access to courses and allow students to study on flexible schedules. Its benefits, however, may depend on local conditions: institutions with strong technical support can resolve platform problems quickly, whereas students without reliable devices or internet connections may struggle to participate. Thus, the effects of online learning can vary with institutional resources and student circumstances.

A student is studying the trends in archaeological excavations across different regions over a four-year period. The table shows the number of excavations conducted in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia from 2016 to 2019. Based on the data in the table, the student claims that Europe consistently had the highest number of archaeological excavations each year.

"Julius Caesar" is a play by William Shakespeare, which presents the political turmoil and betrayal surrounding the assassination of Julius Caesar. In the play, Brutus, a close friend of Caesar, rationalizes his decision to join the conspirators against Caesar, stating that it is for the greater good of Rome. He struggles with his emotions and the implications of his actions, writing ______.

Ecologists studying a grassland compared plots exposed to repeated summer droughts with nearby plots receiving typical rainfall. Drought-exposed plots contained fewer shallow-rooted plants, whereas deep-rooted species remained common in both groups. Soil measurements showed that moisture declined sharply near the surface during drought but remained available deeper underground. The researchers hypothesize that _______

Social movements have a tangible impact when they mobilize mass supporters for their cause. This mobilization is crucial for generating the momentum to effect significant social and political changes. Successful social movements harness collective energy and direct it towards achieving their objectives. Furthermore, potential supporters require a message that resonates with them to help them understand the cause and feel connected to the movement. Such messages often include relatable stories, clear goals, and a sense of urgency, which can inspire and unite individuals to take collective action. Therefore, ______

The Mimic Octopus is a remarkable cephalopod capable of rapidly changing its color and texture to blend seamlessly into its surroundings. It can also mimic the movements of other ______ in situations where it feels threatened, it often imitates dangerous predators to deter threats and enhance its survival chances.

Coke Studio is a music program launched in Pakistan in 2008 by Coca-Cola, which has become a major force in the Pakistani music scene. With innovative ______ emerging artists who come from various genres create unique musical experiences that captivate audiences across the nation.

In the late 19th century, the history of paleontology in North America experienced intense rivalry, marked by ______ witnessed the relentless pursuit of dinosaur discoveries. This era, characterized by competition, led paleontologists to use questionable tactics to secure finds, resulting in broken bones and fragmented skeletons requiring painstaking reassembly.

Harnessing clean energy, solar cells, which can only absorb a specific range of light wavelengths, ______ by incorporating metamaterials designed as light traps. These unique structures bend and trap specific wavelengths of light, redirecting them to the light-absorbing layer, thus increasing overall efficiency.

American scientist Jane Goodall’s distinguished body of work encompasses In the Shadow of Man, a seminal study on chimpanzee behavior in the ______ a documentary highlighting the intricate social structures of primates in Tanzania; and Reason for Hope, her personal memoir.​​​​​​​

Dr. Rachel Carson of the Environmental Protection Agency ______ data on pesticide usage collected over several decades when she made an alarming discovery: the widespread use of certain chemicals was causing significant declines in bird populations, as these substances accumulated in the food chain and led to reproductive failures and mortality in various species.

A study conducted by climatologist Dr. Maria Gonzalez indicates that the average temperature increase—the rate at which temperatures rise—on a polar ice cap situated approximately 2,000 kilometers from the Arctic Circle ______ double the rate of temperature increase on a region located only 500 kilometers from the Arctic Circle.

Renowned neuroscientist Dr. Sarah Thompson considers the meticulous collection she gathers on brain imaging data to be its own reward. ______ Thompson acknowledges that she finds the data interpretation phase of her research just as captivating and insightful as conducting live experiments in the lab.

The Maya civilization, which flourished across southern Mexico and northern Central America, developed astronomical knowledge closely bound to religious practice. Maya astronomers tracked the cycles of Venus and the moon with remarkable precision, and their communities treated these calculations as sacred knowledge. ______ many people today lump such celestial observation together with astrology and dismiss it as superstition.

The percentage of college freshmen who spent over five hours a week on homework dropped from 47% in 1987 to 34% in 2002. Teachers continue to assign homework despite some students failing to turn it in due to unclear expectations and lack of engagement. ______ some believe that homework prepares their children for college and improves their study and work habits, highlighting the ongoing debate between its perceived necessity and the actual time students invest in it.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.
• This process converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
• Most cacti carry out photosynthesis in their green stems.
• The leaves of many cacti are reduced to spines, helping limit water loss.
• Deciduous trees carry out most photosynthesis in their leaves during the growing season.
• This allows them to maximize energy production during the growing season.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Carlos Nobre is a Brazilian Earth-system scientist.
• Earth-system science examines interactions among the atmosphere, land, oceans, and living organisms.
• Nobre’s research focuses on interactions between the Amazon rainforest and the atmosphere.
• He studies the climatic and ecological effects of Amazon deforestation and global warming.
• Nobre also investigates whether these pressures could shift portions of the Amazon toward a drier, savanna-like state.
• He worked for more than thirty-five years at Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Pasteurization makes food safer by inactivating the microbes that cause spoilage and illness.
• Traditional pasteurization uses heat, which can degrade a food's flavor, color, and heat-sensitive vitamins such as vitamin C.
• High-pressure processing instead seals packaged food and subjects it to very high pressure at close to room temperature.
• The pressure inactivates microbes without heating the food.
• Because it uses little heat, high-pressure processing preserves more of a food's fresh flavor and vitamin content than heat pasteurization does.
• High-pressure processing does not fully inactivate every microbe, so treated foods must still be kept refrigerated.

Many modern vehicles are equipped with advanced safety features like automatic braking and collision avoidance systems to ensure driver security. While these technologies can greatly ______ the risk of accidents, a car that is overly reliant on automation may diminish the driver's attentiveness on the road.

Chef Marco Bianchi's cookbooks sell in a dozen countries, and the fried-dough dish he is known for now appears on menus from Melbourne to Chicago. Bianchi says he did not invent it. His grandmother made it every Sunday in a Naples trattoria that never printed a menu, working entirely from memory; his own contribution, as he describes it, was to ______ a method she had never written down — he measured her handfuls and set the amounts on paper.

In 1953, an interdisciplinary team led by Dr. Jonas Salk pursued an innovative approach to combating the polio epidemic. Initially, many were doubtful and considered their efforts merely __________; Salk and his team persisted and eventually developed the first successful polio vaccine, a monumental achievement in medical history.

The biologists' research reveals a complex web of interactions amidst the vibrant ecosystem of the Amazon rainforest, showing that even the tiniest insect plays a crucial role. By examining the interdependencies, scientists understand that each creature is _____ by the others, sustaining the forest's biodiversity.

Recent discoveries at Tikal challenge the traditional view of Maya society as strictly patriarchal. The tomb of Lady Kʼahkʼol Twin Bird, unearthed in the late 1990s, was richly decorated with jade ornaments, ceramic vessels, and sacrificial remains, elements typically associated with male rulers. Hieroglyphic inscriptions hint at her involvement in rulership and warfare. These findings suggest that women, like Lady Kʼahkʼol Twin Bird, may have held significant political power, raising questions about gender roles in Maya civilization.

Snailfish are unremarkable in shallow water: small, soft-bodied, easy to overlook. The Mariana snailfish, described in 2017 from specimens trawled below 7,000 meters, is the same animal pushed to an extreme. It has no scales and no swim bladder, its skull is only partly fused, and its tissues carry a compound that counteracts the deforming effects of pressure. In the deepest part of its range it encounters no other fish at all, and it feeds on the crustaceans that scavenge the trench floor.

The following text is from the 1913 poem “A Prayer” by Claude McKay, a key figure of the Harlem Renaissance:

Oh, let my land be a land where Liberty

Is crowned with no false patriotic wreath,

But opportunity is real, and life is free,

Equality is in the air we breathe.

There's not a man with soul so dead

Who longs not for a life so sweet and free.

Sociologists who study online communication often begin by reassuring readers that it has not displaced face-to-face contact; surveys consistently show that the people who message the most also see their friends the most. The reassurance answers a question few researchers are still asking. What has changed is not the volume of contact but its shape: a message costs the same to send to one person or to four hundred, and the audience for an ordinary remark is no longer fixed by the room its speaker is standing in.

Text 1

The rise of remote work is transforming the corporate landscape, with companies increasingly adopting flexible work arrangements. This shift is driven by advancements in digital communication technologies and a growing preference among employees for work-life balance. Organizations that embrace remote work are finding it beneficial for employee satisfaction and retention, as well as for reducing overhead costs associated with maintaining physical office spaces.

Text 2

The demand for remote work opportunities has significantly increased, particularly after the global pandemic underscored the feasibility of working from home. Employees now seek jobs that offer greater flexibility and autonomy, reshaping traditional employment models. This trend has led to a surge in the use of collaboration tools and platforms that facilitate virtual teamwork and project management, making remote work more efficient and productive.

Researchers recently conducted an experiment to explore how scientific citations influence readers' engagement with articles about climate change. Participants who had no prior knowledge of the articles were invited to browse and read the articles that interested them. The researchers monitored the amount of time each participant spent reading each article. For one group, participants were presented with articles that had scientific citations; for the other group, the articles were listed without any citations. The researchers concluded that when presented with scientific citations, readers tend to focus more on those articles.

Researchers have been investigating the impact of various teaching methods on student performance in mathematics and science over a four-year period. The study aimed to understand whether innovative teaching strategies could improve students' exam scores in these subjects. Students were divided into two groups: one group was taught using traditional methods, while the other group was exposed to new, interactive teaching techniques. The table shows the average exam scores for both groups in mathematics and science from 2018 to 2021. According to the data, it was observed that when students were taught using interactive methods, ______.

Scientific progress relies heavily on experimentation and empirical evidence. Researchers often conduct experiments to test hypotheses and gather data. This process of trial and error is fundamental to the scientific method, as it helps validate theories and refine knowledge. However, it is important to note that not all experiments lead to expected results. Sometimes, experiments fail or yield surprising outcomes, which can pave the way for new avenues of research and discoveries.

Traditionally, UFO sightings have been dismissed due to the lack of standardized reporting methods and the subjective nature of eyewitness accounts. However, there is a growing movement to standardize UFO reporting protocols. Advocates argue that by implementing consistent and rigorous documentation procedures, it will be possible to gather more reliable data. This could lead to a better understanding of these phenomena and potentially uncover explanations for sightings that have puzzled scientists and the public alike. Standardized protocols might include detailed witness interviews, analysis of physical evidence, and collaboration with multiple scientific disciplines.​​​​​​​

Eighteenth-century poets working around Suzhou and Hangzhou wrote most often about landscape and private feeling, in a register their contemporaries called refined. Writers in the northern provinces took up public subjects — famine, corruption, the fate of dynasties — in a plainer style. Southern collections circulated widely in the north, and northern literati are known to have owned them, so the difference between the two bodies of work cannot be explained by ______

In urban areas, the behavior of raccoons, often referred to as city scavengers, is influenced more by food availability than by dietary preference. Although raccoons prefer to consume fruits and small animals, those food sources may become scarce due to human activity, ______ the raccoons to forage through garbage bins and other urban waste for sustenance.

Trout fishing offers diverse techniques, but dry fly fishing, with its blend of skills and strategies, uniquely ______ anglers' imagination. This method combines precise casting with the thrill of fooling wary trout using artificial flies that mimic real insects. The allure lies in the challenge and the dance of deception, making it a favorite among fishing enthusiasts.

The display industry has rapidly evolved as it incorporates advanced technologies and expands applications. As OLED and LED displays dominate the market, they offer superior image quality and energy efficiency, driving consumer demand. Meanwhile, innovations in ______ displays are opening new possibilities, shaping the future of how we interact with digital content.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), implemented in 1994, ______ a free trade zone between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Despite initial praise, it has sparked heated debate. Critics argue that NAFTA led to job losses in the U.S., weakened environmental regulations, and exacerbated income inequality by benefiting large corporations over average workers.

Yellowstone National Park, known for its geysers, hot springs, and wildlife, hides a geological giant beneath its surface—the Yellowstone Supervolcano. This massive caldera, formed by colossal eruptions millions of years ago, reveals ______ through ongoing geothermal activity. Although not an immediate threat, the potential for a future supereruption remains a concern.

Although children prefer highly entertaining educational apps, developers have created apps that are only moderately engaging. A recent study ______ why: developing highly entertaining content is costly, and it is more beneficial for developers to produce a large number of moderately engaging apps than a few highly engaging ones.

The vast majority of SETI searches haven't yielded definitive signs of extraterrestrial intelligence. However, the "Wow! Signal"—a powerful narrowband radio signal detected on ______ continues to spark debate. Astronomer Jerry Ehman noted its intensity with "Wow!" Despite numerous attempts, the signal's origin remains a mystery, fueling speculation about its significance and potential extraterrestrial source.​​​​​​​

Letter writing, once a cornerstone of communication, has dramatically declined with the rise of instant messaging and social media. However, a revival of this traditional art form is emerging. The handwritten ______ a unique charm, making it a cherished keepsake in today's digital age.

In explaining “photosynthesis,” a process identified by Jan Ingenhousz, scientists described it as one “not fully understood by early researchers, but fundamental and vital.” ______ the term “bioluminescence,” which Ingenhousz had observed in the writings of early naturalists, was not even provided with a detailed explanation; scientists simply noted, “A natural phenomenon; yet to be fully explored.”

Students must make various choices during their college years, such as selecting courses, managing finances, and balancing social life. ______ it is crucial to recognize the importance of time management and how it affects academic performance. Factors like the student's major, credit load, and extracurricular activities should be considered while making these decisions.

When a camera shutter remains open in a dark space, it allows handheld light sources to "paint" the scene. This technique enables light to move across the frame, creating streaks and patterns. ______ the final image is transformed into an ethereal and otherworldly dreamscape, capturing a sense of motion and surreal beauty that isn't visible to the naked eye.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Solar energy is harnessed from the sun using solar panels.
• It is a renewable energy source that does not produce greenhouse gases.
• Solar panels can be installed on rooftops or in large solar farms.
• Solar energy can reduce electricity bills and dependence on fossil fuels.
• One challenge of solar energy is that it requires sunlight to generate power, which can be intermittent.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Svalbard Global Seed Vault is located in Norway.
• It stores duplicate seed samples from genebanks around the world.
• Its collection primarily safeguards the diversity of food crops.
• The Millennium Seed Bank is located in England.
• It stores seeds from wild plant species collected around the world.
• Both facilities preserve seeds for long-term conservation and possible future use.

The following text is adapted from Sherwood Anderson’s 1919 short story “Hands.” 

In the presence of George Willard, Wing Biddlebaum, who for twenty years had been the town mystery, lost something of his timidity, and his shadowy personality, submerged in a sea of doubts, came forth to look at the world. With the young reporter at his side, he ventured in the light of day into Main Street or strode up and down on the rickety front porch of his own house, talking excitedly.

The discovery of water ice on the moon elicited varied reactions from the planetary science community. This lack of ______ among researchers regarding the implications for future space missions is unsurprising, given that planetary scientists often hold diverse views on exploration resource prioritization.

Contrary to the persistent belief that classical music is the exclusive domain of the well-versed connoisseur, recent initiatives have started to _____ this notion. Orchestras have introduced programs aimed at a broader audience, including collaborations with contemporary artists, thus welcoming a more diverse listenership.

The following text is adapted from Paul Laurence Dunbar’s 1913 poem “The Sparrow.”

A little bird, with plumage brown,

Beside my window flutters down,

A moment chirps its little strain,

Ten taps upon my window–pane,

To call my notice to its song;

But I work on, nor heed its lay,

Till, in neglect, it flies away.

So birds of peace and hope and love

Come fluttering earthward from above,

To settle on life’s window–sills,

And ease our load of earthly ills;

But we, in traffic’s rush and din

Too deep engaged to let them in,

With deadened heart and sense plod on,

Nor know our loss till they are gone.

While drying flowers might seem straightforward, the underlying chemistry plays a crucial role in preserving their color, shape, and overall aesthetic appeal. Flowers contain significant water that provides structure and rigidity, and drying aims to remove this water content while preserving the shape. Different drying speeds influence structural integrity; rapid drying can cause brittleness, while slow drying might promote mold growth. Desiccants, like silica gel or borax, play a role in absorbing moisture from flowers, affecting the drying process and flower quality. Advanced techniques, including microwave drying, offer advantages and disadvantages compared to traditional air drying. 

The following text is adapted from George Washington's 1796 speech, known as “Washington’s Farewell Address.”

...the habits of thinking in a free country should inspire caution in those entrusted with its administration, to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise of the powers of one department to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power has been evinced by experiments ancient and modern. 

By combining high-resolution imaging techniques with sophisticated data analysis, astronomers have unveiled new insights into the lifecycle of massive stars. In the Stellar Evolution Project, researchers utilized advanced telescopes and computational models to observe and simulate the stages of star development, from formation in stellar nurseries to the explosive supernova phase. Unlike traditional studies that focused solely on visible light observations, this project incorporated data from multiple wavelengths, including infrared and X-rays, providing a more comprehensive understanding of these celestial phenomena.

Text 1

The standard model of memory suggests that memories initially form in the hippocampus and then, over time, transfer to the neocortex for long-term storage. This process, known as memory consolidation, positions the hippocampus as the epicenter for forming new long-term memories, but not necessarily for maintaining them. The hippocampus would play a temporary role, acting as a staging ground before the memory matures and relocates to the neocortex.

Text 2

Neuroscientist Susumu Tonegawa’s 2017 study examined the memory formation and retention process. Tonegawa and his team observed memory formation in mice while manipulating their neurons with light. The findings suggest a simultaneous formation of memories in both the hippocampus and the neocortex, with the neocortex being involved in memory formation from the beginning. The research demonstrates that while the hippocampus forms an active memory, the neocortex holds a parallel “silent” memory, which is initially inaccessible but becomes accessible as the memory matures. 

Linguist Dr. Emily Chen has explored the phenomenon of linguistic relativity, the idea that the structure of a language affects its speakers' cognition and perception. Her research focused on how different languages encode spatial relationships. For instance, in some languages, directions are expressed in absolute terms like cardinal directions (north, south), while others use relative terms (left, right). Chen's studies reveal that speakers of languages with absolute spatial terms have a heightened sense of orientation and navigational skills compared to speakers of languages with relative spatial terms, illustrating the profound impact language can have on thought processes.

Ancient Chinese philosopher Mengzhi argues that people are born with an innate moral ability and goodness. For example, babies have natural compassion and gratitude for their parents, and siblings have love for one another. On this basis, Mengzhi concluded that all there is to morality is learning to extend the natural compassion for those in one’s vicinity to the people beyond one’s immediate community. Evaluating Mengzhi’s philosophy, philosopher Eric Schwitzgebel argues that Mengzhi’s moral philosophy realistically models mature moral development: it reflects how people actually acquire general moral principles.

Environmental scientists Emily Cho and Jordan Kumi, along with their research team, studied the effects of plastic pollution in the Atlantic Ocean during the early 21st century. Utilizing satellite imagery and oceanic sample analyses from various depths, they discovered that microplastics are prevalent in both surface waters and deeper ocean currents. The research concluded that microplastics permeate all levels of the ocean, suggesting widespread pollution that is not confined to coastal areas.

Dream of the Red Chamber, written by Cao Xueqin in the 18th century, is a classic of Chinese literature. The novel intricately explores the rise and fall of the Jia family, exploring the themes of love, fate, and societal norms. One of the central characters, Jia Baoyu, often grapples with his conflicting desires and the expectations placed upon him. His profound realization about the transient nature of life and the futility of worldly pursuits is evident when he reflects, ______. 

The extensive network of caves in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, which is renowned for its geological richness that has fascinated researchers for ______ an invaluable collection of speleothems, prominently featuring towering stalagmites. While scientists have scrutinized these formations for decades, a recent breakthrough has illuminated a critical epoch in Earth's geological timeline—the last ice age—enhancing our understanding of ancient climatic shifts and environmental transformations.

Dressed in a bright red costume, with a sprinkle of confetti raining down, ______ This vibrant display epitomized the cultural celebration, where participants and onlookers alike were immersed in an atmosphere of festivity. The event's success underscored the community's shared heritage and collective joy, fostering a sense of unity and pride.

While the general public often perceives weather as a chaotic jumble of unpredictable storms and sunny spells, meteorologists understand it as a complex interplay of forces—a dynamic dance between solar radiation, atmospheric pressure ______ ever-shifting currents of heat and moisture. This intricate choreography, governed by the fundamental laws of physics, dictates everything from the gentle caress of a summer breeze to the destructive fury of a hurricane. 

The uncanny, as theorized by Sigmund Freud, occupies a curious space in our aesthetic experience: it evokes a sense of disquiet and unease precisely because it straddles the familiar and the unfamiliar. Unlike pure horror, which provokes a clear-cut response of fear or disgust, the uncanny lingers in a liminal zone, unsettling us through its ______ with eyes that follow you across the room, and a doppelgänger encountered on a bustling city street. 

Science fiction often explores the boundaries of human existence, with one particularly mind-bending concept being the idea of uploading consciousness. However, while the concept might seem intuitively appealing at first glance, it faces a number of challenges. For one, it is not entirely clear that consciousness can be straightforwardly ______ to a digital substrate, especially when we consider the complex nature of human mental states and the profound questions that arise regarding the nature of consciousness and subjectivity.

Historically, the most influential philosophers and theorists in the realm of existentialism and phenomenology have been European men, but a new, more diverse generation of thinkers is emerging in the field. Japan's Keiji Nishitani introduced significant Buddhist perspectives into existential thought in the 20th century, _____ and Ghana's Kwame Gyekye integrated African philosophical traditions with modern existential themes in the early 21st century.

Marie Curie’s laboratory research helped establish the study of radioactivity, while her efforts to expand the medical use of radiation extended that work beyond the laboratory. These achievements are often discussed as separate scientific and humanitarian contributions. _____ both reflected the same conviction that experimental knowledge should be applied to practical human problems.

In his 1953 “Chance for Peace” speech, President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned that military spending diverted labor and resources from human needs. Because the address came amid the Korean War and intensifying Cold War tensions, it could be interpreted as a rejection of national defense. _____ Eisenhower’s argument was narrower: security policy had to be evaluated partly by the social costs it imposed.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• For much of the twentieth century, anthropologists treated kinship as a biological universal grounded in reproduction.
• On that view, every society was assumed to organize family around the same biological facts.
• The anthropologist David Schneider studied how people on the Micronesian island of Yap understood relatedness.
• He found that their idea of relatedness rested on shared land and labor, not only on biological descent.
• Schneider argued that kinship is a system of cultural meanings that varies from one society to another.
• He concluded that treating one society's idea of family as universal misrepresents the others.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.

The questions in this section address a number of important math skills.

Use of a calculator is permitted for all questions. A reference sheet, calculator, and these directions can be accessed throughout the test.

Unless otherwise indicated:

• All variables and expressions represent real numbers.
• Figures provided are drawn to scale.
• All figures lie in a plane.
• The domain of a given function is the set of all real numbers for which is a real number.

For multiple-choice questions, solve each problem and choose the correct answer from the choices provided.

Each multiple-choice question has a single correct answer.

For student-produced response questions, solve each problem and enter your answer as described below.

• If you find more than one correct answer, enter only one answer.
• You can enter up to 5 characters for a positive answer and up to 6 characters (including the negative sign) for a negative answer.
• If your answer is a fraction that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter the decimal equivalent.
• If your answer is a decimal that doesn't fit in the provided space, enter it by truncating or rounding at the fourth digit.
• If your answer is a mixed number (such as 3½), enter it as an improper fraction (7/2) or its decimal equivalent (3.5).
• Don't enter symbols such as a percent sign, comma, or dollar sign.