📐 SAT Practice Test #72 복습 드릴

The movie’s plot was predictable; once you knew what befell the hero, you could ______ the fate of the villain. In The Dark Knight (2008), directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale as Batman, the narrative’s structure foreshadowed the Joker’s inevitable downfall, mirroring classic hero-villain dynamics seen in traditional storytelling.

The following text is adapted from Esmeralda Santiago’s 1998 novel Almost a Woman. 

New York was darker than I expected, and, in spite of the cleansing rain, dirtier. Used to the sensual curves of Puerto Rico, my eyes had to adjust to the regular, aggressive two-dimensionality of Brooklyn. Raindrops pounded the hard streets, captured the dim silver glow of street lamps, bounced against sidewalks in glistening sparks, then disappeared like tiny ephemeral jewels, into the darkness.

Given the exponential growth of scientific knowledge and advancements in evidence-based practices, modern medicine is far less ______ unsubstantiated fads and pseudoscientific trends than it once was. However, despite these strides, its historical record of errors and misguided practices remains an undeniable source of embarrassment.

Gene drives disrupt normal genetic inheritance, skewing the transmission of specific genes in sexually reproducing species, and have naturally occurred in various organisms like mice and beetles. Researchers' efforts to utilize gene drives in pest control have achieved limited success. However, interest in these drives has surged following CRISPR-Cas9 technology advancements, which allow precise genetic alterations.

The following text is from James McBride’s 2006 novel The Color of Water. 

The old black-and-white TV set worked—sometimes. It wasn’t high on Mommy’s list of things to fix. She called it “the boob tube” and rarely allowed us to watch it. We didn’t need to. Our house was a combination three-ring circus and zoo, complete with ongoing action, daring feats, music, and animals. Over the years, we assembled a stable of pets that resembled a veritable petting zoo: gerbils, mice, dogs, cats, rabbits, fish, birds, turtles, and frogs that would alternately lick and bite us and spread mysterious diseases that zipped throughout our house.

Scientific theories, especially unconventional ones, must undergo rigorous testing to validate their predictions against observed phenomena. However, some theories are continuously adjusted to survive despite failing initial predictions, while others are too costly or complex to test within a reasonable timeframe. Scientists often promote their theories to gain recognition, but they also bear the responsibility to critically evaluate and expose any flaws in their work. When scientists overly advocate for their own theories without proper scrutiny, their actions can provoke a backlash from their peers, leading to heightened criticism and closer examination of the proposed ideas, ultimately impacting their acceptance.

Text 1

During the rapid expansion of internet companies, known as “dot-coms,” in the 1990s, many entrepreneurs viewed the internet as a transformative force, leading to widespread speculation. Driven by greed and poor decision-making, they failed to develop sustainable business models. As these companies began losing money, investors withdrew, causing a market collapse. The industry contracted, leaving only a few survivors.

Text 2

The surge of internet expansion in the 1990s echoes the railway frenzy in Britain during the 1840s, where eager investors poured funds into rail projects that often provided little to no return. Although early investors in the Great Western Railway saw only modest gains, the overall economic impact of railroads was significant. Similarly, the internet, despite its initial market setbacks, may still emerge as a powerful force with lasting economic benefits.

Industry 4.0, the integration of advanced digital technologies into manufacturing, significantly impacts developing African countries with low human capacity development. Adepoju and Aigbavboa (2021) emphasized the need for reskilling and upskilling in Nigeria, the largest economy in Africa, which faces challenges with low human capital despite its economic growth. Similarly, Maisiri and Van Dyk (2021) highlighted the South African manufacturing industry's struggle with a low-skilled workforce. They noted that Industry 4.0 technologies, such as augmented and virtual reality, enable low-skilled workers to perform higher-skilled jobs, underscoring the importance of workforce development for economic progress.

Susan Glaspell is often thought to have begun her literary career upon joining New York’s Greenwich Village, where she mingled with a group of eccentric radicals who defied artistic and political norms. But a recent biography emphasizes that, long before that time, Glaspell was already a successful writer. She earned substantial income by selling her short stories to major magazines and even lived in Paris for a year funded by the sales of her first best-selling novel. By the time she arrived in New York in 1913, Glaspell’s reputation as a prominent writer had already been well established.

Published over a century ago, W. E. B. DuBois's The Souls of Black Folk was a groundbreaking work in American literature. Comprising 14 essays, it explored Black life in the U.S. and reflected on the meaning of Blackness, while also challenging White supremacy. Though met with mixed reactions in 1903, it is now seen as reframing the Black struggle as a fight for civil rights and social equality, contrasting with Booker T. Washington’s approach of compromise during that era.

The enigma of Roman numerals, particularly the peculiar shift from "IIII" to "IV," underscores a deeper cognitive pattern that transcends mere historical accident. This change reveals more than a preference for brevity or aesthetics; it reflects the inherent limitations of human perception. Our ability to differentiate between small quantities—one, two, and three—is almost instinctual, embedded in the very fabric of our cognitive development. But beyond this, our senses falter; our eyes struggle to distinguish four bars from five at a glance, a difficulty not unique to Roman culture but shared across civilizations. This universality suggests that our numerical systems are not arbitrary inventions but are rooted in the constraints of human cognition.

Dr. Anna Lindholm and her colleagues at the University of Zurich discovered that animal domestication doesn't just result in animals that are behaviorally different from their wild counterparts; it also produces creatures with many physical differences. The researchers examined a population of wild house mice, Mus musculus domesticus, in an empty barn in Illnau, Switzerland, from 2007 to 2016. They monitored the mice and measured various physical aspects, including head length, body weight, and the presence of white patches. The researchers found that, over several reproductive generations, there was a considerable decrease in head length relative to body weight from ______, and the trend in residual head length generally decreased over the course of the study period.

The Car’s Table is a 2011 novel by Michael Ondaatje. The novel’s narrator reflects on his journey as a young boy traveling by ship from the former British colony Ceylon—now Sri Lanka—to England during the 1950s. In the novel, the narrator finds it a significant contradiction in Mr. Fonseka’s character that he has read extensively about the world but has experienced very little of it: ______

In a command economy, the government exerts control over the production of goods and services, including setting prices and determining production methods. The government also establishes workers' wages, and essential services such as healthcare and education are typically provided at no cost to citizens. Today, only a few nations, such as Cuba and North Korea, operate under command economies. This indicates that the majority of countries globally _______

Jazz and dance have long enjoyed a symbiotic relationship, each influencing the other’s evolution. A hallmark of this connection, Duke Ellington's "Take the A Train," with its fast swing tempo and syncopated _______ dancers performing the Lindy Hop, capturing the vibrant spirit of the 1940s dance halls and jazz clubs.

Black holes, with immense gravity, trap everything, even light. According to the principles of thermodynamics—laws governing entropy, energy ______ cosmic evolution—a black hole’s event horizon, the boundary marking the point of no return, can only expand. This growth parallels the universe’s increasing disorder, suggesting a deep link between black holes and entropy.

Geomagnetism protects Earth from the solar radiation but is vulnerable to solar ______, disrupting satellites and power grids. The stunning auroras, like the Northern Lights and Southern Lights, occur when charged particles interact with atmospheric gases near the poles, creating mesmerizing displays of light in the sky.

The British ghost story tradition blends eerie settings with psychological tension. In academic halls and antiquarian rooms ______ a supernatural force that unsettles rational minds, as seen in M.R. James' tales like The Mezzotint. Equally disturbing is Henry James's The Turn of the Screw, where ambiguity shrouds the haunting in mystery.

While emitting rhythmic chirps in the dark, male crickets use song patterns to attract ______ females recognize these unique songs and, guided by the complexity of the patterns, decide which male to choose; as a result, the males with more intricate songs often have a reproductive advantage.

Folklore and mythology deeply influence international literature, blending history and imagination. In novels by Salman Rushdie, drawing from Indian ______ incorporating African oral traditions; and Naguib Mahfouz, weaving Egyptian legends, these narratives enrich storytelling with cultural symbols, bridging ancient beliefs and contemporary themes to reflect human experience across time.

To preserve the theater experience that J.J. Abrams values, many fans have been avoiding trailers and spoilers since his first STAR TREK film, eagerly awaiting the next adventure of the Enterprise crew. ______ when Abrams presented the first official clip of STAR TREK INTO DARKNESS on Conan O'Brien's show, the excitement was undeniable, and most of the franchise's fans jumped at the chance to see what he was willing to show at this stage of his career.

Global citizenship transcends the traditional nation-state model, emphasizing shared human identity, peace, and diversity. Hanvey (1976) argues that there are five interrelated aspects in developing a global orientation, ______ perspective consciousness, knowledge of world conditions, cross-cultural awareness, knowledge of global dynamics, and knowledge of alternatives. These dimensions highlight the evolving global civic culture, where human rights and responsibilities shape participation in a connected world, even without a singular global government.

IMF policies in Sudan promoted cotton and grain exports, benefiting wealthy investors while displacing smallholders and reducing local food production. By the 1980s, Sudan relied on imported American wheat and faced growing deficits. ______ bottom-up structural adjustments, as seen in Peru, can align reforms with local needs, incorporating citizen input for more effective economic policies.

• Eliud Kipchoge is a renowned marathon runner from Kenya.
• Kipchoge has competed in international marathons since 2013.
• He has participated in 18 major marathons globally.
• Kipchoge has won 15 of these marathons, earning numerous gold medals, including victories in the London, Berlin, and Chicago marathons.
• He holds the world record for the marathon, set in Berlin in 2022.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The National Museum of Natural History is in Washington, D.C., USA.
• It is home to a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton.
• The Natural History Museum is in London, UK.
• It is also home to a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton.
• Tyrannosaurus rex was a large carnivorous dinosaur that lived approximately 68-66 million years ago.
• These skeletons help scientists and the public understand the prehistoric world and the evolution of life on Earth.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• The Periodic Table of Elements organizes elements by increasing atomic number.
• Elements in the same group (vertical columns) share similar chemical properties.
• Sodium (Na) is in Group 1 and is highly reactive, especially with water.
• Chlorine (Cl) is in Group 17 and is highly reactive, particularly as a gas.
• Neon (Ne) is in Group 18 and is non-reactive under normal conditions.
• Elements in Group 1 are metals and are generally reactive with moisture, while elements in Group 18 are noble gases and are generally non-reactive.

The innovative approach of Danish architect Bjarke Ingels to ______ urban landscapes is visible in his 2016 project "Via 57 West," which creatively merges skyscraper design with sustainable features. This building is a testament to his unique vision, incorporating green roofs and energy-efficient systems.

Exploring renewable energy sources is crucial for sustainable development. However, integrating these energy sources into existing grids presents challenges. Research led by Dr. Elena Rossi has shown that it might be feasible to ______ this issue using advanced smart grid technologies, which facilitate efficient energy distribution and management.

Seasonal changes influence bird migration patterns, an aspect that is readily noticeable in temperate zones. Although widespread, this behavior is less ______ in tropical birds, which do not face the same environmental pressures. As a result, researchers are forced to develop specific methods to study these less apparent migratory cues.

City councils are instrumental in urban planning, especially in the areas of zoning and development decisions. They enact ordinances that shape the growth of the cityscape, while urban planners and engineers __________ these regulations by creating sustainable designs and ensuring that construction adheres to these guidelines.

The Industrial Revolution, marking a profound transformation in human history, began in the late 18th century and featured the rapid development of machinery and industrial techniques. Historians suggest that this _____ change had a lasting impact on the social, economic, and cultural fabric of the societies involved, dramatically altering the course of human progress.

In the Arctic, polar bears are facing significant challenges due to the rapid melting of sea ice caused by climate change. As the ice recedes, polar bears must travel greater distances to find food, primarily seals, which rely on the ice for breeding and resting. This increased travel results in higher energy expenditure and reduced hunting success, leading to declining polar bear populations. Conservation efforts are focusing on mitigating climate change and protecting polar bear habitats to ensure their survival.

The following text is adapted from A Walk in the Woods, a 1998 travel book by Bill Bryson, chronicling his attempt to thru-hike the Appalachian Trail during the spring and summer of 1996. 

Not long after I moved with my family to a small town in New Hampshire, I came upon a path that vanished into a wood on the edge of town. A sign announced that this was no ordinary footpath but the celebrated Appalachian Trail. Running more than 2,100 miles along America’s eastern seaboard, the AT is the granddaddy of all hikes. It seemed such an extraordinary notion—that I could set off from home and walk 1,800 miles through woods to Georgia. A little voice in my head said: “Sounds neat! Let’s do it!” But then I bought some books and talked to some people and came gradually to realize that this was way beyond anything I had attempted before.

Giant squids seem otherworldly, not part of our familiar environment. They possess unique features—suction cups, lights, beaks, mucous coating, and multiple appendages—rarely seen in land creatures. They live in deep, unseen parts of the ocean in numbers we can’t imagine. With their unusual shape—arms at one end, eyes in the middle, and a tail at the other—they feel like aliens from another world. Due to their unfamiliarity, filmmakers often need to explain how these creatures work before depicting them attacking (all that business of slimy skin, eight grasping arms, talons, a parrot-like beak, and so on). Their immense size and strange features make them seem like something out of nightmares.

Text 1

Lytton Strachey (1880-1932), a biographer, critiqued 19th-century biographies for their excessive length and irrelevant details. Though guilty of omitting unflattering evidence, he revitalized British biography. His readable, literary essays redefined the genre, emphasizing human nature and influencing modern biography.

Text 2

Strachey's criticism of 19th-century biographies, which overly praised their subjects, sparked a trend of admiring subjects less. This reaction was largely seen as positive. However, Strachey's followers lacked his literary talent, leading to a decline in biography. The trend of debunking faded, but the notion that critical biographies were credible persisted.

Loggerhead turtles live and breed in distinct groups, some in the Pacific Ocean and some in the Atlantic. New evidence suggests that juvenile Pacific loggerheads feeding near the Baja Peninsula hatch in Japanese waters 10,000 kilometers away. Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from turtles at the Japanese nesting sites.

An urban analyst is examining rent trends and needs to identify whether any cities had a higher average rent in 2019 than in 2022. After reviewing the table, the analyst concludes that this was the case for _____.

The Air You Breathe is a 2018 novel by Frances de Pontes Peebles. The narrator of the novel is a young woman joining Vinicius, a guitar player, and other musicians in Lapa, Brazil, in the 1930s. In the novel, the songs played in samba rodas tend to evoke a particular feeling: ______

There are at least three ways societies have found to organize an economy: traditional, market, and command. The first is the traditional economy, which is the oldest economic system and can be found in parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. Traditional economies organize their economic affairs the way they have always done (that is, tradition). Occupations stay in the family. Most families are farmers who grow the crops they have always grown using traditional methods. What you produce is what you get to consume. Because things are driven by tradition, there is little economic progress or development. These observations may suggest that traditional economies ______

Myth and misunderstanding about the American frontier are as pervasive as rye in sod and just as difficult to eliminate. The Western hero is often seen as a rugged individualist seeking land, gold, and adventure, moving west at the first hint of civilization. Women, too, were depicted as strong, resilient figures against the prairie backdrop. However, behind these legends are the true stories of real men and women from diverse cultures who reveal their lives through personal letters, diaries, and journals, offering a more authentic glimpse of frontier life.

Since 1970, advancements in computer technology and sophisticated software have established CT scanning as a common diagnostic tool for a wide range of medical evaluations. It is particularly valuable for imaging soft tissues, including those of the brain, chest, and abdominal organs. The technology offers highly detailed images, enabling physicians to measure masses with precision down to a millimeter. However, CT scanning has notable disadvantages, largely due to its reliance on X-ray technology. CT scans expose patients to significantly higher doses of radiation compared to standard X-rays. Consequently, there is an elevated risk of cancer development, especially in children and adults who undergo multiple scans. This evidence suggests that CT scanning ______

The Majesty of Mountains: Landscape Painting in Chinese Art explores Li Cheng's "Wang-ch'uan Villa," a Tang Dynasty masterpiece that captures the grandeur of mist-shrouded mountains, symbolizing nature's power and vastness. Cheng's delicate brushwork emphasizes the ethereal beauty of the landscape ______ the harmonious relationship between humanity and nature.

Glow-in-the-dark basketball is an exciting variation of the traditional game played with luminous equipment that glows under low light. The ball, court lines, and even players’ jerseys ______ to glow, creating a visually striking experience. This version enhances nighttime play, making it fun and engaging for all ages.

While exploring storytelling in indigenous cultures in Children's Literature as World Literature (2016), anthropologist Kimberlee A. Bedell highlighted the Australian Aboriginal people’s use of Dreamtime stories to explain ______ their oral traditions, Dreamtime narratives connect the people deeply with the land, offering a spiritual link to their ancestors.

Public-key encryption ensures secure communication over the internet, protecting sensitive information like credit card details on websites. Digital signatures authenticate digital documents, ensuring ______ integrity and confirming they have not been altered. They provide a way for the sender to verify the document’s origin and for the receiver to trust the content itself.

Paleo-parasitology examines microscopic fossils of parasites preserved with their hosts, revealing details of coevolution and ancient ecosystems. For instance, parasitic worm fossils found with dinosaur coprolites offer clues about the parasites that infected ______ findings, moreover, help scientists understand how parasites influenced dinosaur health and reconstruct ancient environmental conditions.

After the advance of AI, Hollywood films have seen a transformation in production, with AI-generated scripts, visual effects, and virtual actors enhancing creativity and efficiency. AI technology streamlines editing, predicts audience ______ personalizes viewing experiences, revolutionizing how movies are made and consumed in the entertainment industry.

Women have battled body image issues for generations, struggling against societal expectations. Babies, however, love their bodies instinctively, showing joy in discovering themselves. ______ many of us cherished our bodies as children, and we can rediscover this self-love. By detoxifying from harmful media influences and embracing healthy practices, we can reclaim and celebrate our natural selves.

Hallahan, Kaufman, and Lloyd (1985) asserted that the common assumption that disabilities in mathematics are not as prevalent as those in reading and writing is misleading. ______ more than 80% of eighth-grade students could not solve modestly complex problems correctly from their eighth-grade math textbook.

The Global Go To Think Tank Index (GGTTT) ranks think tanks worldwide, relying on subjective votes from nearly 800 advisers. ______ the rankings often reflect personal biases rather than clear criteria, leading to unclear outcomes.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle requires consistent effort. First, it’s important to establish a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrients. ______ incorporating regular exercise into your routine is crucial for overall fitness and mental well-being. Lastly, prioritizing sleep and managing stress effectively ensures that the body can recover and function optimally, supporting long-term health and vitality.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes: 

• Yellowstone National Park is located in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.
• It covers an area of approximately 8,983 km², making it one of the largest national parks in the United States.
• The park is famous for its geothermal features, including the iconic Old Faithful geyser.
• Yellowstone is home to diverse wildlife, including grizzly bears, wolves, and herds of bison and elk.
• The park was established in 1872 as the first national park in the world.

• Isaac Newton was an English physicist and mathematician known for his contributions to classical mechanics.
• Newton published his work Principia Mathematica in 1687, which laid the foundation for the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
• His book Opticks, published in 1704, explored the nature of light and color, describing experiments with prisms and the spectrum of light.
• Both works are considered revolutionary, significantly impacting the fields of physics and mathematics.
• Newton’s writings helped establish the scientific method, emphasizing experimentation and mathematical proof.

With its vast readership, Essence magazine has long enjoyed  ______ in media catering to African American women, featuring influential figures like Michelle Obama and Oprah Winfrey. However, it has recently faced competition from digital platforms like Blavity and AfroTech, which target the same demographic with innovative content.

The elevation of rulers and the formation of courts and cliques are inevitable in governments of all kinds. A constitutional monarchy is not only less dangerous and less costly than most of them, but it also limits, although it does not prevent, this tendency to form potentates and courts, which neither democratic theory nor electoral practice has been able to diminish. The presence of the Queen of Canada ensures that [prime] ministers are in second place and are not the sole authority.

Dr. Oluwaseun Adeyemi, a leading researcher in gerontology, explains that while aging causes significant physiological changes, it rarely affects one’s disposition. In his 2022 study, Adeyemi found that personality traits remain consistent over time, meaning an individual, perhaps irascible at thirty, is not, according to Adeyemi’s findings, likely to exhibit any significant softening of ______ upon reaching the age of seventy.

Due to the distressing nature of dementia symptoms for both patients and caregivers, patience is crucial, especially for loved ones. Caregivers should recognize irrational behaviors, such as delusions, as part of the illness rather than confronting them. Redirecting patients to absorbing tasks can be helpful, and caregivers must also manage their stress by utilizing family and professional support systems.

In 2003, Olivier de Kersauson’s Boat Halted Mysteriously at Sea, ​​​​​​​first mate Didier Ragot saw a giant tentacle under the boat, which rocked violently before the creature unhooked and vanished. The sailors claimed to see a giant squid, a creature often described in myths and literature like Jules Verne's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and Peter Benchley’s Beast. It’s said to be enormous, with tentacles the length of a bus and eyes the size of human heads. Despite numerous sightings and its legendary status, no scientist has ever seen a live giant squid in the wild, studying only the occasional carcasses that wash ashore.

The following text is excerpted from W. H. Auden’s 1937 poem “Lullaby.” 

Lay your sleeping head, my love,

Human on my faithless arm;

Time and fevers burn away

Individual beauty from

Thoughtful children, and the grave

Proves the child ephemeral:

But in my arms till break of day

Let the living creature lie,

Mortal, guilty, but to me

The entirely beautiful.

The Tulip Mania of the 1630s in the Netherlands is often cited as one of the earliest recorded speculative bubbles, analogous to the South Sea Bubble. At the height of this phenomenon, the price of tulip bulbs skyrocketed due to rampant speculation, with some rare varieties reaching values greater than that of houses. Investors, driven by the belief that prices would continue to rise, fueled the market until it inevitably collapsed in 1637. The sudden price drop left many investors in financial ruin, leading to a broader economic downturn. This episode illustrates the dangers of speculative excess and its potential to destabilize economies.

The defeat of chess champion Garry Kasparov by the software program Deep Blue in 1997 highlighted the rapid evolution of computer technology, which advances far faster than human capabilities. What are the implications of Deep Blue's victory for human society as a whole? Though this outcome was inevitable, it raises profound concerns about human-machine interaction. A human grandmaster, likened to an artist, creates strategic beauty on the chessboard, and his defeat symbolizes the growing encroachment of machines on human expertise. While an individual program like Deep Blue poses no direct threat, the broader proliferation of technology erodes human autonomy, turning daily tasks into computer-driven routines and reshaping societal structures and personal behaviors.

Bioprinting emerges as an innovative solution for treating burn victims, presenting a significant advancement over traditional skin grafting methods. Traditional techniques require harvesting skin from a donor site on the patient’s body, often resulting in additional pain and scarring. In contrast, bioprinting utilizes bioinks—biocompatible materials embedded with skin cells such as fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Through a meticulous process involving 3D printing, these bioinks are structured layer by layer to replicate the natural architecture of human skin. This method minimizes the reliance on donor sites and allows for the customization of grafts to precisely fit the dimensions of the burn wound, enhancing the healing process and improving cosmetic outcomes.

Text 1

Rendering a person’s life into words is never easy. Martin Amis captures this, saying life is fluid, formless, and often trite, with poor dialogue and the same predictable beginning and end. Biographers, however, try to create neat narratives that explain every action and thought, often resorting to speculation where facts are absent. They mistakenly impose structure and coherence on lives that, in reality, are messy, uneven, and far from tidy. They forget that no life is led the way a biographer’s story is written.

Text 2

Biographers are often attracted to writing about writers, but unlike politicians or explorers, their lives appear outwardly dull, filled with private struggles and mundane desk work. Good biographers, however, act like fiction makers—not by inventing facts, but by arranging them artfully, emphasizing moments that were once undramatic. They shape a narrative, turning the often tedious and uneventful details of a writer’s life into something compelling and engaging, transforming the ordinary into the extraordinary.

A recent study by biologists Daniel Bolnick and William Stutz examined how two ecotypes, or geographic variants, of the three-spined stickleback fish—smaller ones from lakes and larger ones from streams—fared when removed from their usual habitats. To test whether being the less common ecotype provided a survival advantage, researchers placed sticklebacks from lakes and streams into cages in both environments. Each cage contained one fish of each ecotype. In half of the cages, lake sticklebacks were the majority; in the other half, stream sticklebacks were the majority. The results showed that both ecotypes survived at higher rates when they were in the minority. For example, when stream fish were placed into lake cages, ______

An act of civil disobedience, which involves deliberately breaking the law to push for legal change, cannot be justified if it's driven solely by self-interest without regard for others. However, if an individual's conscience compels them to act, their civil disobedience is justified.

“Invictus” is a poem written by William Ernest Henley in 1875. In the poem, Henley declares personal responsibility and control over his life, writing ______.

In the early 20th century, orchestras were classified primarily by the number of musicians and the complexity of their compositions. “Premier orchestras” represented the highest rank, typically comprising over 100 musicians and performing intricate symphonies that are highly complex. In contrast, “third-tier orchestras” occupied the lowest rank, often consisting of fewer than 40 musicians and focusing on simpler arrangements. This categorization relied on both the orchestra’s size and the complexity of its repertoire. Among the notable orchestras performing at the renowned Wiener Musikverein in Vienna, Austria—a concert hall famed for its stunning architecture and exceptional acoustics—were the Harmonia Ensemble, with 80 musicians, and the Virtuoso Symphony, which featured 120 musicians. Only the Virtuoso Symphony met the criteria to be classified as a premier orchestra. It can therefore be concluded that ______

By revolutionizing our understanding of marine soundscapes, technological advancements in passive acoustic monitoring, a critical tool in modern marine ecology, in recent years ______ the continuous recording and analysis of underwater acoustic environments with unprecedented precision and detail. This innovative approach meticulously catalogs the frequency, amplitude, and temporal patterns of sounds produced by organisms such as the snapping shrimp, allowing these acoustic signals to be correlated with specific environmental conditions, behavioral contexts, and ecological variables.

Central to the study of dark matter is the puzzling observation of galactic rotation curves, where the velocity of stars and gas within spiral galaxies remains unexpectedly high even at large distances from the galactic center, ______ the predictions derived from the distribution of visible matter alone and suggesting the existence of an unseen, gravitationally influential substance that permeates the galactic halo.

The Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa), native to the freshwater habitats of northeastern Mexico and the southern United States, has evolved a unique form of parthenogenesis known as gynogenesis—a rare reproductive ______ the eggs of the female develop into offspring without undergoing fertilization by male sperm. Unlike other forms of asexual reproduction, gynogenesis in the Amazon molly requires the presence of sperm from a closely related species to initiate embryonic development, although the sperm itself contributes no genetic material to the offspring.

At the heart of the complex interplay between economic instability and criminal activity is the premise that economic deprivation, marked by limited access to stable employment opportunities and the resulting financial strain on individuals and families, can erode social ______ incentivize illicit activities as alternative means of financial survival, thus fueling an increase in property-related offenses such as burglary, theft, and vandalism.

Edgerton's Milk Drop Splash, created in 1936, serves as a quintessential example of high-speed photography’s capacity to capture moments that unfold within milliseconds, fundamentally challenging our perception of time and motion. Utilizing a high-intensity strobe light capable of emitting bursts as brief as one-millionth of a second, ______

In computational science, where the intractability of complex algorithms increasingly defines the limits of classical computation, quantum computing emerges as a revolutionary paradigm that leverages the counterintuitive principles of quantum mechanics—principles that defy classical logic and operate within the abstract domains of superposition, allowing qubits to exist in multiple states ______ linking qubits in ways that make them instantaneously interconnected regardless of distance; and quantum interference, manipulating probability amplitudes to enhance or suppress computational pathways—to tackle problems that are fundamentally beyond the capabilities of traditional computing architectures.

Rodents are commonly used to estimate acute toxicity through lethal testing methods involving oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure, which often result in significant harm or death to the animals. ______ recent laws encourage alternative methods, like in vitro and in silico approaches, to reduce animal testing and minimize harm. Computational toxicology, including (Q)SAR models, provides a cost-effective way to assess chemical toxicity efficiently.

The department head plays a crucial role in the quality of academic programs, influencing the success of faculty and students. Leadership skills are key to the selectee’s effectiveness, as support from faculty is not guaranteed. Strong department heads build robust academic departments, which, ______ form the core of American higher education and its institutional strength.

Despite initial resistance from the local community, the new environmental regulations were strictly enforced by the government. Factories had to upgrade their equipment to reduce emissions, and many small businesses struggled to keep up with the compliance costs. ______ these measures led to a cleaner environment and improved public health, but they also caused economic hardship for smaller enterprises that could not afford the necessary changes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Ada Lovelace was a 19th-century mathematician and writer, often considered the first computer programmer.
• Lovelace collaborated with Charles Babbage on his Analytical Engine, writing the first algorithm intended for machine processing.
• Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, an early mechanical computer, focusing primarily on its mechanical structure and calculating abilities.
• Lovelace’s work emphasized the potential of computers beyond mere calculations, envisioning future applications like music composition.
• Lovelace’s notes and algorithms focused on the engine’s ability to manipulate symbols and patterns, whereas Babbage concentrated on its mechanical and mathematical functions.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Great Barrier Reef is located off the coast of Queensland, Australia.
• It is the largest coral reef system in the world, stretching over 2,300 kilometers.
• The reef is composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands.
• A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals.
• Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine life and are often referred to as the "rainforests of the sea."
• The Great Barrier Reef faces threats from climate change, coral bleaching, and pollution.

• In a 2015 study, Rodriguez and Chen examined the impact of urban noise pollution on bird communication.
• Noise pollution in urban areas often comes from traffic, construction, and other human activities.
• The study was conducted in a large metropolitan park in the United States.
• The park was characterized by a temperate climate with moderate seasonal changes.
• Researchers found that urban noise interfered with birds' ability to communicate effectively, leading to changes in their song patterns.

The following table shows the scores of 5 students in a math exam.