📐 Claremont Practice Test #77 복습 드릴

Musician Carlos Reyes has released a new piano suite that many listeners say sounds remarkably like Claude Debussy’s late works. Some critics contend that the suite borders on outright _____ of Debussy, while others consider it a respectful homage that offers fresh insight into the composer’s style.  

Because the same habitat changes that drive native birds away also eliminate nectar sources and release predators of parasitic wasps, the wasps that normally suppress crop-eating moths have become scarcer, a shift that may ____ an unexpected surge in moth larvae and force farmers to rely more heavily on pesticides.

Meerkats, a cooperative mongoose species in African deserts, rely on intricate group dynamics for survival. Initially dependent on provisioning by 'helpers,' meerkat pups reach self-sufficiency in hunting in three months. Recent studies indicate these helpers progressively introduce pups to live prey, fostering independence. Cambridge researchers investigated whether this constitutes pedagogy and meets the definition of teaching, evaluating the costs and benefits to both helpers and pups.

Although early reviewers dismissed Mary Wollstonecraft’s Maria as too radical, modern scholars contend that its fragmented narrative and legal petitions ____ the era’s strict genre boundaries, foreshadowing the experimental forms of nineteenth-century British fiction.

The following text is an excerpt from L. M. Montgomery's 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables.

Marilla came briskly forward as Matthew opened the door. But when her eyes fell on the odd little figure in the stiff, ugly dress, with the long braids of red hair and the eager, luminous eyes, she stopped short in amazement. “Matthew Cuthbert, who’s that?” she exclaimed. “Where is the boy?” This was Marilla Cuthbert, a woman of narrow experience and rigid conscience.

The proliferation of the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) poses a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems. These starfish are voracious predators of coral polyps. When their populations surge, often due to nutrient runoff from land that boosts the survival of their larvae, they can decimate vast areas of reef. This widespread coral mortality disrupts the entire reef community, reducing habitat for fish and other invertebrates.

Text 1

The best way to understand the massive geoglyphs of Peru’s Nazca Lines is through an astronomical lens. This approach posits that the lines functioned as a vast calendar, with their layouts and orientations corresponding to the positions of stars and constellations. For example, the famous spider geoglyph aligns with the constellation Orion. This astronomical framework provides a coherent explanation for the purpose and scale of these remarkable constructions, tying them to the agricultural and ceremonial cycles of the Nazca people.

Text 2

It is reductive to assume a single astronomical purpose for the Nazca Lines. While some alignments with celestial bodies exist, many prominent figures and hundreds of straight lines have no known astronomical correlation. Insisting on this single interpretation overlooks compelling alternative theories. For instance, archaeological evidence of broken pottery at the lines’ intersections suggests they may have served as pathways for ceremonial processions or as markers for subterranean water sources, functions that are not mutually exclusive of a partial astronomical role.

In many Renaissance portraits, figures pose beside a parted curtain. Art historians note that the curtain acts like a stage prop, signaling that the sitter wishes to be seen as stepping into a public role. When the drapery falls behind rather than beside the figure, however, the gesture changes: the cloth now forms a canopy that frames the head like a halo, hinting at moral stature rather than social ambition. Painters thus adjusted a single element—folded fabric—to shift the story a portrait tells.

Chopin’s marking rubato directs the pianist to borrow a sliver of time from one note and repay it inside the same bar so the measure’s total duration does not change. Today many players stretch a melodic climax while their left hand keeps strict tempo; the bar then ends longer than written and silently steals time from the next measure. Chopin’s own students, however, described right- and left-hand flexibility that balanced itself before the barline, leaving every measure intact even though the surface seemed to sway.

Examining 80 nations’ utility data, energy economist Leila Mohan noticed that residential electricity use per person seemed to rise as climates grew cooler. She frames the idea this way: the higher a country’s annual “heating-degree-day” total (HDD—number of degrees households must heat to reach 18 °C), the greater its per-capita household electricity consumption. Mohan predicts that countries with colder averages should, on balance, show larger household demand than warmer ones located nearer the equator.

The following text is from Charles Dickens’s 1861 novel Great Expectations.

When I reached home, Joe was bent over the forge, and Mrs. Joe called out to know what Miss Havisham’s house was like. The memory of Estella’s contempt still burned within me; I could not endure that they should see how common I felt. So I told them of golden plates and dogs with diamonds in their collars, inventing wonders as I spoke. Joe listened with his usual faith, and Mrs. Joe nodded importantly, never doubting my tale.

A music journalist is preparing liner notes for a re-issue of four landmark jazz albums and wishes to mention both the year each album first appeared and how many copies it has sold in the United States. Consulting the table, the writer notes that Kind of Blue was released in 1959 and has gone on to sell 5.2 million copies, whereas Time Out—also first issued in 1959—has reached U.S. sales of only _____

In Athol Fugard’s 1982 play “Master Harold”…and the Boys, the teenage character Hally occasionally reveals an attitude of intellectual superiority toward Sam, the family’s Black servant. This outlook becomes most explicit when Hally snaps, _____

While compiling a new critical edition of The Canterbury Tales, scholars rediscovered letters between the 18th-century printer William Tonson and the essayist Sir Edward Vale. In the letters, Tonson agrees to Vale’s proposal to “modernize” Chaucer’s Middle English spelling so extensively that entire word forms were replaced. This 1733 version became the basis for nearly every school edition printed in Britain for the next 150 years, and its spellings still appear—often uncritically—in popular anthologies today. Because present-day students encounter Chaucer chiefly in this altered guise, historians of the language argue that the Tonson-Vale changes largely shaped modern readers’ sense of what Middle English “looks like.” From these facts we can infer that _____

Many historians credit the 1616 publication of Copernicus’s collected notes with sparking renewed debate in Europe. Indeed, early telescopes such as the Dutch-designed Fraunhofer ______ allowed observers to confirm Jupiter’s moons have become iconic artifacts in astronomy museums.

The Tarantula Nebula, ____ more than 600 light-years in diameter, is the largest and most active star-forming region in our local galactic neighborhood.

Marine biologist Sylvia Earle is a celebrated oceanographer and advocate for marine conservation. As a National Geographic explorer-in-residence, she continues to lead expeditions to document the health of ocean ecosystems. In her influential 2009 TED Talk, Earle ______ her campaign "Mission Blue" to establish a global network of protected marine sanctuaries.

Many harmless insect species have evolved to imitate the bold warning colors of more dangerous ones, a defensive adaptation known as Batesian ______ the non-venomous hoverfly, for instance, displays the distinctive yellow and black stripes of a stinging wasp to deter predators.

The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming and the development of the polio vaccine by Jonas Salk are considered landmark achievements in 20th-century ______ the former introducing the world to antibiotics and the latter offering protection against a debilitating viral disease.

The brightness of distant supernovae can help calculate cosmic expansion rates, and the astronomers, ____ infrared spectroscopy to refine those brightness measurements, hoped to resolve disagreements about the universe’s true age.

To improve infrastructure longevity, materials scientists are creating a new form of "living" concrete ____ by embedding it with dormant bacteria and calcium lactate, can autonomously seal cracks as they form, thereby extending a structure's lifespan.

The theory of cognitive dissonance describes the mental discomfort experienced when a person holds two or more contradictory beliefs or values. This conflict often motivates an individual to change one of the beliefs to reduce the psychological stress. _______ a person who considers themself an environmentalist might feel dissonance driving a gas-guzzling car.

Early paleontological reconstructions of the dinosaur Iguanodon, based on limited fossil evidence, depicted it as a sluggish, lizard-like behemoth that dragged its tail along the ground. This image of a slow, sprawling reptile dominated public and scientific perception for decades. ____, modern biomechanical analysis and more complete skeletons reveal a far more dynamic animal that held its tail stiffly off the ground for balance.

The work of contemporary choreographer Akram Khan is celebrated for its dynamic synthesis of disparate dance forms. He intentionally merges the classical Indian dance style of Kathak, which is defined by its intricate footwork and storytelling gestures, with the fluid, athletic movements of modern dance. ____, a single performance might feature rhythmic, percussive foot-stamping alongside sweeping, abstract motions of the torso and limbs.

• Idylls of the King is an epic poem (1856 – 1885) by Alfred Tennyson that retells the Arthurian legend, dwelling on chivalry, love, and betrayal.
• It follows King Arthur and his court in a serious, lyrical style.
• The Once and Future King (1958) by T. H. White is a novel that also reimagines the Arthurian legend, tracing Arthur’s life from childhood to kingship.
• White’s version is more whimsical and coming-of-age in tone, yet it, too, explores ideals of chivalry and the costs of power.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes

• Choreographer Wayne McGregor is known for integrating cutting-edge technology into contemporary ballet.
• His 2017 ballet ASYNC uses motion-capture sensors so that dancers can interact with their own real-time digital projections.
• The Australian company Chunky Move premiered Mortal Engine in 2008.
• Mortal Engine employs infrared motion-tracking to generate shifting light patterns that respond to the dancers’ movements.
  

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Sandpainting is a sacred art form practiced by the Navajo (Diné) people of the Southwest.
• The paintings are created by a practitioner known as a Sand Singer or hataałii as part of a healing ceremony.
• The images, made from crushed, colored minerals, often depict sacred deities and symbols.
• The sandpainting acts as a temporary portal for these deities to enter and assist in the healing.
• At the conclusion of the ceremony, the painting is intentionally and carefully destroyed.
• According to Navajo belief, this destruction is necessary to release the healing powers and prayers contained within the artwork.

In a randomized trial involving 120 undergraduates, psychologists discovered that a ten-minute outdoor walk significantly improved working-memory scores, suggesting that short bouts of exercise deliver a cognitive ____ rather than merely reducing the minutes available for study.

During an excavation of a long-buried caravanserai, archaeologists uncovered pottery fragments from three continents, indicating that the desert settlement once served as a bustling ____ linking far-flung trading cultures.

While developing her Broadway musical about climate change, composer-lyricist Maya Flores blends salsa rhythms with tap choreography, insisting that the unusual fusion will serve not as a distracting gimmick but as a thematic ____ linking dance and narrative.

After decades of debate, neuroscientists now agree that adult hippocampal neurons can form fresh connections, indicating that learning hinges on continual circuit adaptation instead of the once-assumed ____ of the mature brain.

Orbiting close to its star, the exoplanet endures tidal forces so intense that its day and night sides never change, a condition called tidal locking that offers a natural ______ for studying atmospheric circulation under extreme temperature gradients.

In the early 20th century, the term "muckraker" was used to describe a new kind of investigative journalist. These writers, such as Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell, were not interested in sensationalism for its own sake. Instead, they sought to expose corruption in politics and business, hoping to spur public outcry and legislative reform. Their work became a cornerstone of the Progressive Era's push for change.

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. It does this by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy—the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur. Think of it as a mountain guide who shows hikers a shorter, easier path to the summit instead of the steep, difficult main trail. The guide doesn’t change the mountain or the destination, only the journey.

The Ghost Dance, a spiritual movement that arose among various Native American peoples in the late 19th century, gave rise to a unique art form: the Ghost Dance dress. These garments were considered sacred and were believed to have protective powers. They were typically made of muslin or deerskin and adorned with painted symbols like stars, crows, and turtles. The imagery represented elements of the Ghost Dance faith.

Why do the leaves of many deciduous trees change color in autumn? This dramatic seasonal shift is fundamentally a survival strategy. As daylight hours and temperatures decrease, trees begin to shut down their food production and dismantle the green chlorophyll in their leaves to conserve valuable nutrients for the winter. The breakdown of chlorophyll unmasks yellow and orange pigments called carotenoids that were present all along. The brilliant reds and purples, however, are from anthocyanin pigments, which the tree actively produces in response to the environmental cues.

At a seaside dig in Cornwall, pottery sherds were sorted by clay source. X-ray tests show that most everyday bowls were made from local red clay, but a small group of fine, black-glazed cups came from Naples, nearly 2,000 kilometres away. Since the Cornish village had no kilns hot enough to fire such glaze, archaeologists conclude that local traders exchanged tin for luxury tableware shipped in by Roman merchants.

Hydrothermal vents, often called "black smokers," are fissure-like openings on the ocean floor that spew geothermally heated water. First discovered in 1977 near the Galápagos Rift, these vents are found in volcanically active areas and support unique ecosystems. The water emerging from the vents can reach temperatures over 400°C (750°F). The "smoke" that gives these vents their name is not actually smoke but is composed of fine mineral particles, primarily iron sulfides, that precipitate and solidify upon contact with the cold, deep-ocean water.

A travel analyst is comparing how the world’s busiest airports rebound after the pandemic. In 2022 Atlanta again led global traffic, handling 93.7 million passengers. To show the gap that year between Atlanta and its long-time Asian rival, the analyst notes that Beijing Capital—opened in 1958—served only _____

Anton Chekhov’s 1904 play The Cherry Orchard reveals Lopakhin’s triumph in rising from peasant roots to landowner status, which he celebrates when he exclaims, _____

In many deer species, large, brightly gleaming antlers indicate a well-nourished male; growing and polishing such antlers demands ample minerals, so the display is thought to serve as an honest signal of the animal’s overall condition. Wildlife ecologist Jun-Ho Park has now reported that males in one mountain population of red deer spend nights gnawing abandoned mineral-salt blocks left for livestock and then vigorously rubbing their antlers against resinous fir trunks. The resin adds a mirrorlike sheen, making the antlers look richer in minerals than normal—even when the deer’s regular diet is poor. These observations suggest that _____

AuroraQuest, a citizen-science project that logs aurora sightings worldwide, was launched in 2015 by physicist Lena Duarte. Frustrated that no centralized database existed for these ______ compiled thousands of reports to assist space-weather research.

Chef and food-education advocate Alice Waters is acclaimed for her 1995 cookbook The Edible Schoolyard, which _____ step-by-step lessons that help students grow, harvest, and cook their own produce.

Social justice and community activism are frequent themes in Angie Thomas’s novels. In The Hate U Give, for example, Starr Carter speaks out after witnessing a friend’s death, while in Concrete Rose, the character Maverick _____ responsibility for his family and neighborhood despite daunting challenges.

The invention of Velcro dates back to the 1940s when Swiss engineer George de Mestral noticed burrs clinging to his dog’s fur. This simple observation ______ the development of a hook-and-loop fastener now used in everything from athletic shoes to spacecraft.

Podcasts, audio programs that audiences can stream or download at any time, ______ a staple of many commuters’ daily routines.

Lyme disease is an illness transmitted to humans through bites from infected ______ fever, fatigue, and a characteristic bull’s-eye rash.

The technique of nuclear fusion, the process that powers the Sun, ______ atomic nuclei together to form heavier elements, releasing enormous amounts of energy in the process.

The development of stone-tool technology marked a pivotal moment for early human ancestors. The ability to create sharper and more durable implements allowed for more efficient butchering of animals and processing of plant materials. ____ these hominins gained access to richer food sources, which supported brain development and population growth.

A prolonged period of high inflation can significantly erode the real value of an individual’s savings, as the purchasing power of their money decreases over time. ____, it can create widespread economic uncertainty, complicating the ability of businesses to forecast costs, set prices, and make confident long-term investment decisions for the future.

Recent ethnographic studies among the Talamanca Bribri reveal that younger storytellers are reviving traditional myths through digital audio diaries. _______ elders who were initially skeptical now attend recording sessions, recognizing that the technology can help preserve tales that were once at risk of fading from collective memory.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes

• Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer often used ultramarine made from costly lapis lazuli.
• In Girl with a Pearl Earring (c. 1665), the turban’s blue highlights the subject’s luminous face.
• Ultramarine was then more expensive than gold by weight.
• Vermeer’s patrons valued subtle interior scenes over grand historical themes.
• Vermeer applied thin glazes, producing soft light effects.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes

• The kora is a 21-string harp-lute used by Mandé griots.
• Malian musician Toumani Diabaté blends kora melodies with Afro-Latin percussion on his album The Mandé Variations.
• Senegalese band Orchestra Baobab pairs kora with electric guitars in nightclub settings.
• Both acts reach international audiences through world-music festivals.
• Traditional griot songs praise ancestry; modern collaborations add dance rhythms.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes

• The Venus flytrap closes its lobes within 0.1 seconds after trigger hairs are touched.
• Each leaf can snap about ten times before it stops responding.
• Closing requires substantial cellular energy, so the plant conserves snaps for true prey.
• False alarms like raindrops usually do not set off both hairs within 20 seconds.
• Captured insects supply nitrogen missing from nutrient-poor soils.

Employing an alternative metric for assessing inequality yields somewhat divergent outcomes. Peter Lindert of the University of California, Davis, observes that the disappearance of mid-level skill jobs in England corresponded with an increase in the Gini coefficient for household earnings, reaching its zenith in 1800. Concurrently, the proportion of earnings captured by the top 1% escalated to a peak around 1870. Subsequently, both indicators experienced a decline, not reaching their lowest point until the middle of the 20th century.

After the coastal park doubled its parking fee in 2022, attendance underwent a paradoxical _____: newcomers who had never intended to visit descended on the lots, convinced that the steeper price meant a more exclusive experience.

Although a contingent of scholars has long maintained that the chapel’s murals, executed by several hands, jar one another stylistically, recent pigment analysis—exposing a pervasive indigo undercoat—indicates that what seems discordant at first glance in fact settles into an unexpected ______, the chromatic base submerging individual brushwork within a single visual rhythm.

Cities are increasingly turning to infill development—the practice of building on vacant or underused parcels within existing urban areas—as an alternative to suburban sprawl. This approach offers clear advantages: it makes use of existing infrastructure like roads and utilities, and it can help create denser, more walkable neighborhoods. However, implementing infill projects can be complex. Resistance from nearby residents, restrictive zoning codes, and the logistical challenges of construction on small, constrained sites often present significant hurdles for developers.

The term "computer bug" to describe a flaw in a system has a famous, if debated, origin story. The term is often traced to 1947, when associates of computer pioneer Grace Hopper found an actual moth stuck in a relay of the Harvard Mark II computer, causing it to malfunction. This event was logged as the "first actual case of bug being found." This anecdote is part of a larger tradition in computing where technical terms often arise from specific, tangible incidents, evolving into the abstract concepts used today.

In the United States’s federal system, legal scholars often distinguish between dual federalism and cooperative federalism. The former views the federal and state governments as co-equals, each supreme within its own sphere. In contrast, the latter sees them as partners collaborating on policy. This distinction, however, is not merely a description of different historical eras, with dual federalism in the 19th century giving way to cooperation. Instead, both models represent competing philosophies that continue to inform contemporary debates.

While the theory of emotional contagion—whereby one person’s feelings can be “caught” by another—is often associated with overt displays, recent research highlights a more subtle mechanism. Micro-expressions, fleeting facial movements lasting less than a fraction of a second, can transmit emotional states even without conscious awareness from either party. Though the receiver may not register seeing the expression, their brain processes the affective cue, subtly altering their own mood. This suggests our emotional lives are far more interconnected and unconsciously influenced than previously assumed.

Linguist Mariah Soto analyzed archival recordings from 30 Native American languages to explore why some employ verb classifiers—affixes that encode the physical shape of an object being handled. She discovered that in every classifier language she examined, the lexicon also contains a rich set of ideophones (sound-symbolic words that mimic sensory experiences). During a seminar discussion, a student argued that any Native American language with verb classifiers must share the same core set of ideophones, inherited from a single Proto-American substratum.

In Henrik Ibsen’s 1879 play A Doll’s House, the dialogue makes it plain that Torvald regards Nora, his wife, more as a charming possession than as an independent adult partner; this attitude is most clearly revealed when he says, _____

Political scientists often argue that presidential contests attract far more public participation than midterm races. Campaign funding, media coverage, and the perceived stakes are all thought to boost turnout every four years. A civics student reviewing the data above notes that, across the fifty states, presidential elections indeed drew larger electorates than midterms, as shown by the fact that ____’

Switching from traditional clay brick to autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block has been promoted for mid-rise buildings because AAC’s low unit weight (mass per block) can cut foundation costs. A consulting team, however, modeled thirty-year life-cycle expenses and concluded that overall maintenance spending will be higher with AAC. Their reasoning: the material’s open-pore structure (tiny air pockets throughout the block) absorbs more rainwater, accelerating freeze–thaw spalling (surface flaking in cold cycles), so façade repairs outpace the initial savings on footings.

Everyone who has seriously studied Leonardo’s painting feels that it refuses to define its meaning in formal allegory yet remains charged with a distant music: thought and sense are woven so closely that to separate them is futile. The smile on his figures’ lips seems less a momentary expression than the slow outflow of some experience too profound for speech. It is precisely this reticence—rather than any narrative subject—that draws the spectator again and again, as though the canvas itself were a veil stirred by winds of hidden significance.

In three recently completed corporate towers, all with identical open-plan floors, employees were randomly assigned desks at move-in. Six months later, facilities managers mapped where two divisions had congregated. In every building, marketing staff had exchanged seats until most were clustered beside the café-style collaboration zones, whereas software engineers had migrated to the quiet corners farthest from foot traffic. The towers’ layouts, lighting, and acoustics are uniform, and no policy rewards seat swapping. Because the same spatial split emerged independently in each tower, it can therefore be inferred that _____

In Brazil, banks start lending much more to businesses only after the country’s short-term interest rate drops below 2 percent. That rate has fallen below 2 percent only when banks are suddenly holding a lot more cash than usual. The one event that has ever put that extra cash in banks’ hands is the Central Bank of Brazil buying large amounts of government bonds from them. Last month, business lending in Brazil jumped 12 percent, and the short-term interest rate slid to 1.8 percent—even though no new tax breaks or lending rules were introduced. It can therefore be inferred that ______

Interlacing acoustics with subsistence, the Yanomami whistle intricate, prey-specific motifs whose timbral contours mimic canopy birdsong, thereby luring terrestrial game within spear range, while the Kamayurá, orchestrating concentric canoefuls of drummers and antiphonal ______ syncopated beats that unsettle schooling fish toward woven barriers, transforming sonic artistry into ecological strategy.

Deploying chemistry as fortification, Coffea arabica saturates its seeds with caffeine—a bitter purine alkaloid that disrupts insect neuromuscular ______ Quercus robur infuses juvenile foliage with astringent tannins whose protein-binding proclivities render the leaves nutritionally inscrutable.

Nested in California’s arid Cascade foothills, the Allen Telescope Array—comprising dozens of digitally linked 6.1-meter dishes—______ simultaneous, multi-beam surveys that sift the cosmic radio spectrum for non-terrestrial narrowband signatures, an effort that transforms the speculative quest for intelligent life into a rigorously algorithmic enterprise of continuous, panoramic sky monitoring.

By squeezing a whole programming language into just eight simple characters, the quirky language Intercal shows ______ Skilled hobbyists move a pointer back and forth across memory like a bead on an abacus, proving that even strict limits can spark surprising and elegant solutions.

Isolated when Gondwana's fragments drifted apart, macropods proliferated unchallenged on Australia's nutrient-poor soils, yet as contemporary isotherms creep poleward, myriad faunas—caribou, alpine butterflies, temperate kelp forests—edge toward cooler ______ reshuffling revealing biogeography's shifting allegiance from ancient plate tectonics to present anthropogenic warming.

Critics long viewed George Eliot’s late essays as digressions from her fiction, yet close reading shows they refine narrative techniques later deployed in Middlemarch. ______ the essays’ dialogic structure previews the novel’s shifting perspectives, underscoring continuity rather than departure in Eliot’s craft.

When policymakers lifted fuel subsidies, urban commuters adopted car-pool apps at triple the previous rate; diesel consumption still fell only marginally. ____ economists now argue that complementary investments in mass transit are required for meaningful emissions reductions.

Satellite tagging shows that juvenile leatherback turtles wander thousands of kilometers before settling in predictable feeding grounds. Their paths roughly follow drifting mats of sargassum; _______ chemical assays confirm the turtles absorb essential fatty acids from crustaceans concentrated in that floating habitat.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Reevaluation in music history is the process of reassessing a musician's work, often revealing overlooked significance.
• Pianist Mary Lou Williams was a prolific composer and arranger for major big bands during the 1940s.
• For decades, her work was often overshadowed by the famous male bandleaders she worked for.
• A recent reevaluation of her compositions is underway in musicology.
• This reevaluation highlights the innovation and complexity of her music.
• Her 1945 piece "Zodiac Suite" is an example of her complex and innovative style.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Invasive species are non-native organisms whose introduction causes harm to a new environment.
• Many marine invasive species are transported in the ballast water of cargo ships.
• The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) is a destructive invasive predator.
• It was first documented on the East Coast of the United States in 1817.
• The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is an invasive mollusk that disrupts aquatic food webs.
• It was first discovered in the Great Lakes of North America in 1988.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes

• The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro is famous for its samba parades, lavish costumes, and street celebrations.
• Scholars note that the festival reflects the city’s vibrant cultural mix and underlying social hierarchies.
• Anthropologist Nina G. Jablonski explored festivals worldwide in Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color (2012).
• Jablonski’s research analyzes how festival rituals express attitudes toward skin color and identity.
• Her case studies emphasize symbolism of body paint and pigment rather than pageantry or social rank.